대기오염과 실내 거주자의 활동도가 교실 내부의 입자 크기별 먼지 농도에 미치는 영향
The Effect of Outdoor Air and Indoor Human Activity on Mass Concentrations of Size-Selective Particulate in Classrooms
2
조회
0
다운로드
19
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This study evaluated the effects of the human activity and outdoor air on concentrations of size-selective particulate matters (PM) by conducting a realtime measurement in classrooms and on roofs at 4 elementary schools, 3 middle schools and 3 high schools in Incheon City. PM concentrations featured repetitive pattern of increasing during break time (including lunch hours) and cleaning time while decreasing during class hours. This trend was more prominent with inhalable PM and PM10 than fine PMs (PM2.5, PM1.0). The indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of inhalable PM and PM10 exceeded 1 while that of fine PMs was close to or below 1. The PM2.5 (out)/PM10 (out) ratio stood at 0.59 (.16) and the PM2.5 (in)/PM10 (in) ratio was 0.29 (.09), suggesting that occupant activity had a greater effect upon coarse particles (PM10-PM2.5) than upon fine particles (PM2.5, PM1.0). The correlations between the indoor and the outdoor PM concentrations showed a stronger positive correlation for fine particles than that of coarse particles. The linear regression analysis of PM concentrations indoor and outdoor indicated a higher determinant coefficient (r²>0.9), and consistency for fine particles than in case of coarse particles. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the indoor coarse particle concentration is more attributed to occupant activity and the indoor fine particle concentration is more influenced by outdoor air pollution.
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of the human activity and outdoor air on concentrations of size-selective particulate matters (PM) by conducting a realtime measurement in classrooms and on roofs at 4 elementary schools, 3 middle schools and 3 high schools in Incheon City. PM concentrations featured repetitive pattern of increasing during break time (including lunch hours) and cleaning time while decreasing during class hours. This trend was more prominent with inhalable PM and PM10 than fine PMs (PM2.5, PM1.0). The indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of inhalable PM and PM10 exceeded 1 while that of fine PMs was close to or below 1. The PM2.5 (out)/PM10 (out) ratio stood at 0.59 (.16) and the PM2.5 (in)/PM10 (in) ratio was 0.29 (.09), suggesting that occupant activity had a greater effect upon coarse particles (PM10-PM2.5) than upon fine particles (PM2.5, PM1.0). The correlations between the indoor and the outdoor PM concentrations showed a stronger positive correlation for fine particles than that of coarse particles. The linear regression analysis of PM concentrations indoor and outdoor indicated a higher determinant coefficient (r²>0.9), and consistency for fine particles than in case of coarse particles. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the indoor coarse particle concentration is more attributed to occupant activity and the indoor fine particle concentration is more influenced by outdoor air pollution.
참고문헌 (41)
- Levy, J. I., "Impact of residential nitrogen dioxide exposure on personal exposure: An international study", Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 48, pp.553~560 (1998)
- Silvers, A., "How children spend their time a sample survey for use in exposure and risk assessment", Risk Analysis, 14, pp.931~944 (1994)
- Lee, Y., "Student exposure to airborne dusts in classroom of middle schools", Korean Journal of Environmental Health Society, 13(2), pp.25~33 (1987)
- Maroni, M, "Indoor air quality, a comprehensive reference book. air quality monographs", elsevier, 1995 (1995)
- Jones, A. P., "Indoor air quality and health", Atmospheric Environment, 33, pp.4535~4564 (1999)
- Kim, Y., "A study on the indoor air pollution in the classrooms of primary middle and high schools in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do", Journal of Korean Society of School Health, 16(1), pp.81~90 (2003)
- 손부순, "국내 일부학교 건축물의 실내공기질 평가", 한국환경보건학회지, 32(2), pp.140~148 (2006), 한국환경보건학회
- 유승도, "미세먼지가 울산지역 초등학생의 폐기능에 미치는 영향", 한국환경보건학회지, 33(5), pp.365~371 (2007), 한국환경보건학회
- 최상준, "인천지역 일부 학교의 실내 및 대기 중 포름알데히드 농도 평가", 한국환경보건학회지, 33(5), pp.372~378 (2007), 한국환경보건학회
- Dockery, D. W., "An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities", The New England Journal of Medicine, 329, pp.1753~1759 (1993)
- Samet, J. M., "Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 U.S. cities: 1987-1994", The New England Journal of Medicine, 343, pp.1742~1749 (2000)
- McConnell, R., "Air pollution and bronchitic symptoms in Southern California children with asthma", Environmental Health Perspectives, 107, pp.757~760 (1999)
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency., "National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter - Final Rule", Federal Register, 62(138), pp.38651~38760 (1997)
- 40 CFR part 50, "Federal Register", 62(138), pp.38651~38760 (1997)
- Owen, M. K., "Airborne particle sizes and sources found in indoor air", Atmospheric Environment, 26, pp.2149~2162 (1992)
- Wallace, L., "Indoor particles: a review", Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 46, pp.98~126 (1996)
- Long, C. M., "Characterization of indoor particle sources using continuous mass and size monitors", Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 50, pp.1236~1250 (2000)
- Monn, C., "Exposure assessment of air pollutants; a review on spatial heterogeneity and indoor", outdoor, Atmospheric Environment, pp.2001, 35[DOI]
- Monn, C., "Particulate matter less than 10 mm(PM10)and fine particles less than 2.5 mm (PM2.5); relationships between indoor, outdoor and personal concentrations", Science of the Total Environment, 208, pp.15~21 (1997)
- Luoma, M., "Characterization of particulate emissions from occupant activities in offices", Indoor Air, 11, pp.35~48 (2001)
- American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, "Particle size-selective sampling for particulate air contaminants" (1999), JH Vincent, ed. ACGIH, Cincinnati, OH
- Teikari, M., "Laboratory and field testing of particle size-selective sampling methods for mineral dusts", American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 64, pp.312~318 (2003)
- Fromme, H., "Particulate matter in the indoor air of classrooms-exploratory results from Munich and surrounding area", Atmospheric Environment, 41, pp.854~866 (2007)
- Heudorf, U., "Particulate matter and carbon dioxide in classrooms-The impact of cleaning and ventilation", International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health (2007)
- Linnainmaa, M., "Laboratory and field testing of sampling methods for inhalable and respirable dust", Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 5, pp.28~35 (2008)
- Ministry of Environment., "Enforcement Ordinance of Indoor Air Quality Management Act in the Public Using Facility. Article 3. Table 2. Mandatory standard of the indoor air quality management" (2006), Ordinance of Ministry of Environment 201
- Ministry of Education and Human Resources, "Enforcement Ordinance of the School Health Act. Article 3. Table 4-2. Air quality standard in classroom" (2007), Ordinance of Ministry of Education and Human Resources 905
- Ministry of Environment., "Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Environmental Policy Article 2. Table 1. Environmental standards" (2008), Presidential Decree 20680
- 신은상, "서울지역의 PM10 중 미량원소의 특성 평가", 한국대기환경학회지, 18(5), pp.363~372 (2002), 한국대기환경학회
- 김성연, "서울시 일부 지역의 대기 중 미세먼지에 관한 연구", 한국환경보건학회지, 31(4), pp.301~308 (2005), 한국환경보건학회
- Ministry of Environment, "Annual report of ambient air quality in Korea", ~ (2005)
- Branis, M., "The effect of outdoor air and indoor human activity on mass concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 in a classroom", Environmental Research, 99, pp.143~149 (2005)
- Choi, G., "Evaluation of monitoring data on fine particles", KOSAE Spring conference (2003), Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
- Mosley, R. B., "Penetration of ambient fine particles into the indoor environmnent", Aerosol Science and Technology, 34, pp.127~136 (2001)
- Thornburg, J., "Penetration of particles into buildings and associated physical factors", Part I: model development and computer simulations, 34, pp.284~296 (2001), Aerosol Science and Technology
- Liu, D.-L., "Particle penetration through building cracks", Aerosol Science and Technology, 37, pp.565~573 (2003)
- Gravesen, S., "Demonstration of microorganisms and dust in schools and offices", an observational study of nonindustrial buildings, 41, pp.520~525 (1986), Allergy
- Einarsson, R., "Allergens in school dust. 2. Major mite (DER-P-1, DER-F-1) allergens in dust from Swedish schools", Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 95, pp.1049~1053 (1995)
- Wheeler, A. J., "Characterisation of particulate matter sampled during a study of children"fs personal exposure to airborne particulate matter in a UK urban environment", Environtal Monitoring and Assessment, 65, pp.69~77 (2000)
- Nordback, D., "Indoor air pollutants in schools: nasal patency and biomarkers in nasal lavage", Allergy, 55, pp.163~170 (2000)
- Tortolero, S. R., "Environmental allergens and irritants in schools: a focus on asthma", Journal of School Health, 72, pp.33~38 (2002)
