Theoretical Migration Estimation of Acetaldehyde and Butyraldehyde from Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) into Fermented Food Simulants
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Objectives: Materials coming into contact with food may result in the migration of chemical substances into thefood. To protect consumers from exposure, Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011 specifies the use of standard migrationtests. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), widely used for food packaging materials, has drawn the attention ofresearchers because unwanted migration of PET into food might occur when consumers reuse packagingmaterial. The aim of this study was to predict and develop a migration model for two components, acetaldehydeand butyraldehyde in PET, into food simulants under conditions of changing pH and solvents, such as thoseobserved in fermented foods like kimchi or sauerkraut. Methods: Using a migration model based on Fick’s second law of diffusion in one dimension, the migration ofacetaldehyde and butyraldehyde from PET into a simulant of fermented food at 20 °C over 10 days wasevaluated. The simulant for fermented food was modelled as 10% ethanol for three days, followed by 3% aceticacid for seven days. Results: The migration of acetaldehyde into the 10% ethanol was 0.36 times that of a simulated fermented foodsystem, while that of butyraldehyde was 1.34 times greater. These results may have been influenced by thechemical interactions among the migrants, polymers and simulants, as well as by the solubilities of the migrantsin polymers and simulants. Conclusion: Because food simulants have a limited capacity to mimic real food systems under the currentmigration model, an appropriate simulant and migration test should be considered in the case of increasingacidity. Furthermore, since the accuracy of the worst-case estimation of migration predicted by the current modelis severely limited under changing food conditions, food simulants and their interactions should be furtherinvestigated with respect to conservative migration modelling.
Abstract
Objectives: Materials coming into contact with food may result in the migration of chemical substances into thefood. To protect consumers from exposure, Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011 specifies the use of standard migrationtests. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), widely used for food packaging materials, has drawn the attention ofresearchers because unwanted migration of PET into food might occur when consumers reuse packagingmaterial. The aim of this study was to predict and develop a migration model for two components, acetaldehydeand butyraldehyde in PET, into food simulants under conditions of changing pH and solvents, such as thoseobserved in fermented foods like kimchi or sauerkraut. Methods: Using a migration model based on Fick’s second law of diffusion in one dimension, the migration ofacetaldehyde and butyraldehyde from PET into a simulant of fermented food at 20 °C over 10 days wasevaluated. The simulant for fermented food was modelled as 10% ethanol for three days, followed by 3% aceticacid for seven days. Results: The migration of acetaldehyde into the 10% ethanol was 0.36 times that of a simulated fermented foodsystem, while that of butyraldehyde was 1.34 times greater. These results may have been influenced by thechemical interactions among the migrants, polymers and simulants, as well as by the solubilities of the migrantsin polymers and simulants. Conclusion: Because food simulants have a limited capacity to mimic real food systems under the currentmigration model, an appropriate simulant and migration test should be considered in the case of increasingacidity. Furthermore, since the accuracy of the worst-case estimation of migration predicted by the current modelis severely limited under changing food conditions, food simulants and their interactions should be furtherinvestigated with respect to conservative migration modelling.
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