지속가능발전의 개념과 법적 효력에 관한 검토
A Study on the Concept and Legal Effect of Sustainable Development
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지속가능발전은 1992년 리우선언 이후 요하네스버그를 비롯한 수차례의 국제적인 회의에서 향후의 세계적인 발전을 인도할 기본원칙으로 확인되어 왔다. 2015년 UN은 국제사회가 지속가능발전을 달성하기 위한 분야별 목표와 구체적인 추진과제들을 담은 지속가능 발전목표(SDGs)를 채택하였다. 지속가능발전의 개념에 대해서는, 국제환경법에서는 1987년에 발표한 보고서 “우리 공동의 미래(Our Common Future)”에서 제시한, “미래 세대가 자신들의 필요를 충족시킬 수 있는 능력을 훼손하지 않으면서 현재 세대의 필요를 충족시키는 발전”이라는 정의를 일반적으로 수용하고 있다. 이에 대해서는, 지속가능발전은 지나치게 포괄적이고 모호한 개념이며 따라서 현실적으로 구체적인 정책의 지침을 제시하지 못한다는 비판이 있는 것도 사실이나, 과거 전통적인 경제성장 위주의 발전 패러다임에서 벗어나, 경제와 환경, 사회의 영역을 통합적으로 고려하는 발전의 개념과 방법론을 제시하여 준다는 점에서 국제법뿐만 아니라 국내법 체계에서 중요한 의미를 가진다고 할 수 있다. 또한 지속가능발전의 개념이 강한 의미의 것으로 볼 것인지, 약한 의미의 것으로 볼 것인지는 이를 실현하기 위한 국제법 및 국내법적 제도와 구체적인 수단에 의해서 판단되어야 할 것이다. 지속가능발전이 국제사회와 각국 정부들이 추구해야 할 목표 또는 비전으로서의 의미를 가지고 있다는 것에는 의문의 여지가 없다고 할 것이나, 이것이 국제법 또는 국내법에 있어서 법규범으로서의 효력을 가지고 있다고 볼 수 있는지에 대해서는 견해의 대립이 있다. 오늘날 국제법규 상의 성문화와 관련 결정 사례들을 종합적으로 고려할 때, 지속가능발전은 적어도 다양한 정책적 의사결정의 맥락에 있어 실제 논의에 대한 강력한 지침을 제공한다는 측면에서 규범적인 효력을 가진다고 할 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 지속가능발전을 국가적인 차원에서 체계적이고 지속적으로 추진하기 위해서는 이를 뒷받침해줄 법체계를 마련하고 기존의 법령들을 정비하는 노력이 수반되어야만 한다.
Abstract
Since the 1992 Rio Conference, Sustainable Development has been confirmed as a basic principle to guide the development of the world at the various international conferences. In 2015, UN adopted Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs), including sectoral golas and concrete targets, to achieve sustainable development internationally. Regarding the concept of Sustainable Development, the definition presented by the 1987 report “Our Common Future”, “development … that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”, is generally accepted by the international environmental law. Though the concept is criticized that it is too comprehensive and vague to provide concrete policy guidance, it has important meaning in both international and national legal systems because it provides the concept and methodology of development to consider the economy, environment and society together, departing from the old traditional, economic growth oriented paradigm of development. And, whether the concept of sustainable development is strong or weak should be decided by the institutional system and specific means of international law and national law to realize the sustainable development. Though there is no doubt that sustainable development has a meaning as a goal or vision to pursue for international society and each government, regarding its legal effect in the international and national law, there are some conflicting opinions. Considering the codification in the international law and related decisions, it can be argued that sustainable development has normative effect, which provides strong guidance in the context of various policy decision making processes. But, to carry forward the sustainable development systematically and continuously at the national level, the effort to work out a legal system to back it up and improve the existing laws should be accompanied by.
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