포스트 소비에트 러시아 문화와 민족정체성
Post-Soviet Russian Culture and National Identity
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1991년 소련 공산주의 체제의 붕괴 이후 ‘새로운’ 러시아의 탄생과 함께 도입된 서구식 시장경제체제와 소비문화는 러시아 사회와 문화 전반에 걸쳐 급격한 변화의 물결을 몰고 왔다. 특히 이 시기 러시아 문화에서는 상업적 대중문화의 전면적 부상과 대대적 유통이 진행되었고, 그 결과 러시아의 정신문화와 사상을 대표하고 주도하던 고급문화와 순수문학의 권위는 서구식 상업적 대중문화에 밀려 심각한 위기에 처하게 되었다. 하지만 최근 들어 러시아 문화계에서는 러시아 문화의 특수성만을 고집하지 않고 상업문화를 포함한 외래문화를 적극 포용하여 이를 창조적으로 변용시키고자 하는 노력이 두드러진다. 이런 노력은 특히 포스트 소비에트 시대 러시아 민족정체성의 재정립 과정에서도 핵심 부분을 이루는데, 여기서는 비판적으로 사고하고 창조적으로 활동하는 인텔리겐치아가 주도적인 역할을 담당하였다.
Abstract
Western market capitalism and consumerism introduced in ‘new’ Russia right after the collapse of the Communist Soviet Union in 1991 gave rise to a sea change in the Russian society and its traditional culture at large. During the 1990s, the commercialization of culture and the arrival of mass literature has had a disruptive effective on the sedate literary process of post-Soviet cultural life, in particular. However, by the end of the 1990s such Russian writers and artists as Viktor Pelevin and Nikita Mikhalkov boldly embraced the world of western popular culture and creatively incorporated it into their works of art, while corresponding to the changed tastes of the Russian public. Much more importantly, as members of the Russian intelligentsia, they played large roles in establishing new national identity in post-Soviet Russia. The abrupt change that took place together with the introduction of market capitalism and the commercialization of culture have had an enormous impact on the activities of the Russian intelligentsia. In 1995, for example, Solzhenitsyn and Voinovich chose to resort to television rather than to literature in order to get their views across to a wider public. This means that leading members of the intelligentsia use mass culture as an arena for their kind of moral and political debate. This is also true of Dmitrii Likhachev who insisted on building a new balance of culture. Interestingly, we can see this ‘new balance of culture’ in the post-Soviet process of rearranging the “system of representations,” which is closely related to the process of redefining post-Soviet national identity in Russia. And nowhere is all this more prominent than in remaking Russia's new anthem, resurrecting Cathedral of Christ the Savior, and reconstructing Victory Park.
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