Between East Asia and Russia: Il’ya Levitov's Conception of “Yellow Russia” (Zheltaya Rossiya) at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
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일리야 레비토프(1850~1918)는 러시아의 민속지학자이자 동아시아 전문가였다. 그는 ‘황인종’, ‘황러시아’, ‘황색 보스포루스’, ‘완충 식민지로서의 황러시아’ 등의 책자들을 집필하였다. ‘황색’은 동아시아인들과 관련된 말이다. 그는 1896~97년, 동청 철도 건설 이후 수많은 중국 노동자들이 동시베리아(우수리 강 유역, 아무르 강 유역, 바이칼 호수 이동지역)로 이동해 오는 것을 목격했다. 그가 보기에 이들은 낮은 임금만으로도 만족하는 탁월한 노동력이었으므로 러시아 노동자들에게 위협적인 존재였다. 동아시아인들의 큰 이주물결은 ‘황화’(黃禍)를 뜻하는 것으로 보였다. 동아시아인들의 값싼 노동력을 이용하되 이들이 유럽 러시아인들에게 악영향을 미치지는않게끔 하기 위해 레비토프는 시베리아를 자연경계에 따라 분할할 것을 제안하였다. 우수리 강에서 바이칼 호수에 이르는 동시베리아는 ‘황러시아’로서 동아시아인들의 노동력을 이용하는 자유경제지역이 되어야 하며 그 대신 동아시아인들은 바이칼 호수 서쪽으로는 이주할 수 없게 만들어야 한다는 것이 그의 제안이었다. 러일전쟁 후 레비토프는 황인종이 러시아를 공격하는 것을 저지하기 위한 수단으로서 ‘완충지대로서의 황러시아’를 건설해야 한다는 구상을 내놓았다. 그의 제안은 동시베리아라는 변경지대를 무대로 삼아 인종주의에 바탕을 두고 러시아 제국주의와 동아시아 주민이주의 물결 사이에서 타협점을 발견하고자 하는 제국주의적, 인종주의적 시도였다.
Abstract
Il’ya Levitov(1850~1918) was a Russian ethnographer and East Asia specialist. He wrote pamphlets with the titles Yellow Race, Yellow Russia, Yellow Bosporus and Yellow Russia as a Buffer Colony. ‘Yellow’ refers to the skin color of East Asian peoples. Levitov watched in Eastern Siberia (the regions of the Amur Basin and Ussuri Basin) countless Chinese workers immigrating since 1896-97, after the construction of the East Chinese Railroad as the extension of Trans-Siberian Railroad. For Levitov they were excellent labor force demanding low wages, and thus a threat to Russian workers. The great tide of East Asians seemed to be "yellow peril". Wanting to use the cheap labor force of East Asians but to prevent their influence on European Russians, he proposed to divide Siberia along natural borderlines. The Eastern Siberia from Ussuri Region to the Lake Baikal would become "Yellow Russia", a Free Economic Zone using the labor force of East Asians. Instead their immigration into the regions west of Baikal would be blocked up. After the Russo-Japanese War, Levitov developed the idea of ‘Yellow Russia as a buffer zone’ including Manchuria to restraint the attack of the yellow people against Russia. He thought that Yellow Russia would serve Russian imperialist, racist and industrialist dreams at the same time.
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