臺灣與大陸人民間之身分行為: 以婚姻與繼承為例
The Marriage and Inheritance between People in Taiwan and Mainland China
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政治情勢的變化，不但左右政府與政府、政府與人民間的公法關係，人民間的私法關係也經常受影響。本文分析臺灣的法律及司法裁判對於兩岸人民間的婚姻及繼承事件的規範，發現臺灣的法律不曾限制臺灣人民與大陸人民結婚，婚姻的效力原則上均適用臺灣之民法，唯一的特殊處理，係針對過去兩岸隔絕時的重婚問題，大法官釋字第242號及兩岸人民關係條例第64條採取了例外作法，保護在臺灣的後婚。至於大陸人民與臺灣人民結婚後，來臺灣居住時，其公法上的權利例如居留權、選舉權、擔任公職之權、工作權等，則因國家安全考量，受到較多的限制，不過近年來隨著兩岸交流的頻繁以及敵對意識的下降，大陸配偶此方面的權利內涵逐漸接近一般外籍配偶。在繼承方面，臺灣法對於大陸人民繼承臺灣人民在臺灣的遺產，加諸了各種限制，包括須在一定時間內為意思表示、金額有上限、無法繼承取得不動產，以及當繼承人全部為大陸人民時，政府介入擔任遺產管理人之規定等。此些限制，多不存在外國人繼承臺灣人遺產的情形中。因此在繼承方面，大陸人民的權利確實明顯較外國人為壓縮。未來改革的方向尚難預測，但應將大陸的法律如何對待臺灣人民作為考量的事項之一。
Abstract
Political changes affect not only the legal relationships between governments and ones between governments and citizens, but also the private interpersonal relationships. This article analyzes the effects of Taiwanese legislation and judicial judgment on marriage and succession involving people from Taiwan and the Mainland China. It has been found that Taiwanese law does not constrain marriage between people from these two areas. The Civil Code applies to most marriages except for cases of bigamy occurring during the period when the two areas were separated by war. Aimed at these exceptions, Interpretation No. 242 and Article 64 of Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area make an exception to protect the second marriage in Taiwan. As for the public rights such as the right of residence, the right to vote, the right to apply for public employment, and the right of work of spouses from Mainland China, they are subject to more constraints for national security. Nevertheless, owing to the booming communication and reduction of hostility between the two areas, the rights owned by mainlander spouses are gradually becoming comparable to those owned by other foreign spouses. For succession issues, there are lots of limitations to mainlander heirs when the estates are in Taiwan. For example, they must make expressions of intent in a specific period and the value of property they can inherit is limited. Furthermore, they are unable to inherit real estate. Moreover, if all the heirs are from Mainland China, the Taiwanese government intervenes to be the administrator. These limitations do not exist in the succession events involving other foreign heirs claiming inheritance in Taiwan. Therefore, the right of mainlander heirs, compared to other foreigners, is apparently restricted. It is difficult to predict the direction of reform in the future, but we should consider how Mainland China’s laws treat Taiwanese citizens while redesigning our cross-strait legal framework.
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