Storage does not Guarantee Access: The Problem of Organizing and Accessing Words in the Speaker’s Lexicon
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Natural language production requires a grammar and a lexicon. We will deal here only with the latter, trying to enhance an existing electronic resource to allow for search via navigation in a huge associative network. The structure and the process are somehow akin to the mental lexicon (ml). We have a network composed of nodes (mainly words) and links (mainly associations). Search, or rather, navigation consist in entering the network at some point by providing a query —(usually a word, somehow related to the target word)—and following the links to get from the source word (Sw) to the target word (Tw),the goal. While our lexical graphs are different from the multilayered networks of the human brain (weight, decomposition, automaticity), functionally speaking there are some important similarities between the two, in particular with respect to navigation. While spreading activation is generally automatic and outside of the user’s control, its counterpart (navigation) is deliberate and in slow motion. Our primary focus in this paper will be on the structure of the lexicon and its indexing scheme. These two points have often been overlooked,yet they are crucial, as they determine the extent to which users, — (hence, not only readers, but also authors) — can find the word they are looking for. While researchers of the natural language generation (nlg)-community have devoted a lot of work to lexicalization (i.e. the mapping of meanings to forms),lexical access has never received any attention at all. Lexicalization is generally considered to be only a choice problem, the assumption being, that data that is stored can also be accessed. While this may hold for machines, it certainly does not apply for people, at least not always, as is well attested via the ‘tip-of-thetongue’problem (Brown and McNeill, 1966). Yet, even machines may ‘experience’access problems. We will illustrate this last point via a small experiment,showing how a well known lexical resource (WordNet) does not always reveal information (words) it contains. In the remainder we will then show how a lexicon should be organized to allow language producers (speakers/writers) to find quickly and naturally what they are looking for, in our case, the target word.
Abstract
Natural language production requires a grammar and a lexicon. We will deal here only with the latter, trying to enhance an existing electronic resource to allow for search via navigation in a huge associative network. The structure and the process are somehow akin to the mental lexicon (ml). We have a network composed of nodes (mainly words) and links (mainly associations). Search, or rather, navigation consist in entering the network at some point by providing a query —(usually a word, somehow related to the target word)—and following the links to get from the source word (Sw) to the target word (Tw),the goal. While our lexical graphs are different from the multilayered networks of the human brain (weight, decomposition, automaticity), functionally speaking there are some important similarities between the two, in particular with respect to navigation. While spreading activation is generally automatic and outside of the user’s control, its counterpart (navigation) is deliberate and in slow motion. Our primary focus in this paper will be on the structure of the lexicon and its indexing scheme. These two points have often been overlooked,yet they are crucial, as they determine the extent to which users, — (hence, not only readers, but also authors) — can find the word they are looking for. While researchers of the natural language generation (nlg)-community have devoted a lot of work to lexicalization (i.e. the mapping of meanings to forms),lexical access has never received any attention at all. Lexicalization is generally considered to be only a choice problem, the assumption being, that data that is stored can also be accessed. While this may hold for machines, it certainly does not apply for people, at least not always, as is well attested via the ‘tip-of-thetongue’problem (Brown and McNeill, 1966). Yet, even machines may ‘experience’access problems. We will illustrate this last point via a small experiment,showing how a well known lexical resource (WordNet) does not always reveal information (words) it contains. In the remainder we will then show how a lexicon should be organized to allow language producers (speakers/writers) to find quickly and naturally what they are looking for, in our case, the target word.
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