중국 자원민족주의의 부상과 실태: 희토류(REEs)를 중심으로
The Emergence and Its Current State of Chinese Resource Nationalism: Focusing on the Rare Earth Elements
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초록
1990년대 시작되어 2000년대 이후 뚜렷하게 나타난 중국의 자원외교는 경제성장에 필수적인 안정적 에너지 수급을 위한, 차선책 없는 선택이었다. 중국은 특히 아프리카에서 전통적으로 강력한 영향력을 행사해온 미국 및 유럽연합(EU)과 직접적이거나 전략적인 충돌 없이 성공적인 자원외교를 펼쳐왔다. 반면 1990년대까지는 자국에서 생산된 ‘희토류(REEs)’를 비롯한 천연자원에 대해 수출환급세까지 지급하며 수출장려정책을 펼쳤다. 그러나 2000년대 들어 수출억제정책으로 돌아섰고, 이후 점진적으로 수출통제를 강화하는 등 천연자원 수입과는 정반대의 정책을 펼치고 있다. 이것은 그동안 막대한 무역흑자로 인해 발생한 선진국들과의 무역마찰과 위안화 절상 압박을 우려한 수출억제정책과는 다른 이중성, 즉 ‘자원민족주의(resource nationalism)’의 성향을 드러내고 있는 것이다. 본 연구는 2000년대 들어 수출통제를 강화하고 있는 중국 자원민족주의의 대표 사례인 ‘희토류정책’의 궤적을 추적하고 관련 수입국가의 대응방안을 살펴봄으로써, 국가안보 차원에서 해외자원 확보 노력을 기울여야만 하는 한국의 현 시점에 시사점을 제시하는 데 그 목적이 있다.
Abstract
The current resource diplomacy of China is to ensure the stable supply of energy that is indispensable for the economic growth. China has moved forward with its resource diplomacy successfully without any direct or strategical conflicts with the United States or EU in Africa. China has proceeded ahead with the policies to encourage the export, while providing even the refund until 1990s for the export of natural resources, such as REEs(rare earth elements), however, has shown the tendency of double standard, that is the resource nationalism, which is different from its policy toward the import of natural resources, as it has shifted toward the policies that suppress the export and strengthened the control of export gradually since 2000. This study was intended to present the suggestions to Korea which needs to focus on securing overseas resources for the national security by tracing the trajectory of the REEs policy which represents the most typical examples of China's resource nationalism as the country has strengthened the control of the export since 2000 and exploring the countermeasures for the importing countries.
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