Racial Differences in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostate Cancer
1
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Disparities between African American and Caucasian men in prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis and treatment in the United States have been well established, with significant racial disparities documented at all stages of PCa management, from differences in the type of treatment offered to progression-free survival or death. These disparities appear to be complex in nature, involving biological determinants as well as socioeconomic and cultural aspects. We present a review of the literature on racial disparities in the diagnosis of PCa, treatment, survival, and genetic susceptibility. Significant differences were found among African Americans and whites in the incidence and mortality rates; namely, African Americans are diagnosed with PCa at younger ages than whites and usually with more advanced stages of the disease, and also undergo prostate-specific antigen testing less frequently. However, the determinants of the high rate of incidence and aggressiveness of PCa in African Americans remain unresolved. This pattern can be attributed to socioeconomic status, detection occurring at advanced stages of the disease, biological aggressiveness, family history, and differences in genetic susceptibility. Another risk factor for PCa is obesity. We found many discrepancies regarding treatment, including a tendency for more African American patients to be in watchful waiting than whites. Many factors are responsible for the higher incidence and mortality rates in African Americans. Better screening, improved access to health insurance and clinics, and more homogeneous forms of treatment will contribute to the reduction of disparities between African Americans and white men in PCa incidence and mortality.
Abstract
Disparities between African American and Caucasian men in prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis and treatment in the United States have been well established, with significant racial disparities documented at all stages of PCa management, from differences in the type of treatment offered to progression-free survival or death. These disparities appear to be complex in nature, involving biological determinants as well as socioeconomic and cultural aspects. We present a review of the literature on racial disparities in the diagnosis of PCa, treatment, survival, and genetic susceptibility. Significant differences were found among African Americans and whites in the incidence and mortality rates; namely, African Americans are diagnosed with PCa at younger ages than whites and usually with more advanced stages of the disease, and also undergo prostate-specific antigen testing less frequently. However, the determinants of the high rate of incidence and aggressiveness of PCa in African Americans remain unresolved. This pattern can be attributed to socioeconomic status, detection occurring at advanced stages of the disease, biological aggressiveness, family history, and differences in genetic susceptibility. Another risk factor for PCa is obesity. We found many discrepancies regarding treatment, including a tendency for more African American patients to be in watchful waiting than whites. Many factors are responsible for the higher incidence and mortality rates in African Americans. Better screening, improved access to health insurance and clinics, and more homogeneous forms of treatment will contribute to the reduction of disparities between African Americans and white men in PCa incidence and mortality.
참고문헌 (39)
- "2016 Estimates" (2016)[URL]
- Siegel R, "Cancer statistics, 2012", CA Cancer J Clin, 62, pp.10~29 (2012)
- DeSantis CE, "Cancer statistics for African Americans, 2016: Progress and opportunities in reducing racial disparities", CA Cancer J Clin, 66, pp.290~308 (2016)
- Scott P. Kelly, "Trends in the Incidence of Fatal Prostate Cancer in the United States by Race", European Urology, 71(2), pp.195~201 (2016), Elsevier BV[DOI]
- Goins RT, "Prostate cancer screening among American Indians and Alaska natives: the health and retirement survey, 1996-2008", Prev Chronic Dis, 12, pp.E123~ (2015)
- Kinlock BL, "Racial disparity in time between first diagnosis and initial treatment of prostate cancer", Cancer Control, 23, pp.47~51 (2016)
- Chornokur G, "Disparities at presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and survival in African American men, affected by prostate cancer", Prostate, 71, pp.985~997 (2011)
- Goovaerts P, "Impact of age, race and socio-economic status on temporal trends in late-stage prostate cancer diagnosis in Florida", Spat Stat, 14(Pt 100), pp.321~337 (2015)
- Kish JK, "Racial and ethnic disparities in cancer survival by neighborhood socioeconomic status in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Registries", J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr, 2014, pp.236~243 (2014)
- Trantham LC, "Use of prostate-specific antigen testing as a disease surveillance tool following radical prostatectomy", Cancer, 119, pp.3523~3530 (2013)
- Mahal BA, "Lago-Hernandez C, Choueiri TK, et al. Racial disparities in an aging population: the relationship between age and race in the management of African American men with high-risk prostate cancer", J Geriatr Oncol, 5, pp.352~358 (2014)
- Moses KA, "Black and White men younger than 50 years of age demonstrate similar outcomes after radical prostatectomy", BMC Urol, 14, pp.98~ (2014)
- "National Comprehensive Cancer Network clinical practice guidelines in oncology (NCCN Guidelines): Colon/rectal cancer" (2016)[URL]
- Powell IJ, "Reducing prostate cancer racial disparity: evidence for aggressive early prostate cancer PSA testing of African American men", Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 23, pp.1505~1511 (2014)
- Mahal BA, "Getting back to equal: the influence of insurance status on racial disparities in the treatment of African American men with high-risk prostate cancer", Urol Oncol, 32, pp.1285~1291 (2014)
- Moses KA, "Underwood W 3rd. Racial", ethnic differences in the relative risk of receipt of specific treatment among men with prostate cancer, 2016, pp.34, 415.e7~415.e12
- Allott EH, "Racial differences in adipose tissue distribution and risk of aggressive prostate cancer among men undergoing radiotherapy", Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 23, pp.2404~2412 (2014)
- Chornokur G, "Variation in HNF1B and obesity may influence prostate cancer risk in African American men: a pilot study", Prostate Cancer, 2013, pp.384594~ (2013)
- Wang EH, "Disparities in treatment of patients with high-risk prostate cancer: results from a population-based cohort", Urology, 95, pp.88~94 (2016)
- Rebbeck TR, "Global patterns of prostate cancer incidence, aggressiveness, and mortality in men of african descent", Prostate Cancer, 2013, pp.560857~ (2013)
- Underwood SM, "Reducing the burden of cancer borne by African Americans: if not now, when?", Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 12, pp.270s~276s (2003)
- Chen L, "Association between polymorphisms in the DNA repair genes XRCC1 and APE1, and the risk of prostate cancer in white and black Americans", J Urol, 175, pp.108~112 (2006)
- Park J, "Deletion polymorphism of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17and risk of prostate cancer in African American and Caucasian men", Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 15, pp.1473~1478 (2006)
- Chang BL, "Validation of genome-wide prostate cancer associations in men of African descent", Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 20, pp.23~32 (2011)
- Haiman CA, "Genome-wide association study of prostate cancer in men of African ancestry identifies a susceptibility locus at 17q21", Nat Genet, 43, pp.570~573 (2011)
- Taioli E, "Multi-institutional prostate cancer study of genetic susceptibility in populations of African descent", Carcinogenesis, 32, pp.1361~1365 (2011)
- Han Y, "Generalizability of established prostate cancer risk variants in men of African ancestry", Int J Cancer, 136, pp.1210~1217 (2015)
- Gusev A, "Atlas of prostate cancer heritability in European and African-American men pinpoints tissue-specific regulation", Nat Commun, 7, pp.10979~ (2016)
- Eeles RA, "Identification of 23 new prostate cancer susceptibility loci using the iCOGS custom genotyping array", Nat Genet, 45, pp.385~391 (2013)
- Amin Al Olama A, "Multiple novel prostate cancer susceptibility signals identified by fine-mapping of known risk loci among Europeans", Hum Mol Genet, 24, pp.5589~5602 (2015)
- Haiman CA, "Characterizing genetic risk at known prostate cancer susceptibility loci in African Americans", PLoS Genet, 7, pp.e1001387~ (2011)
- Xu J, "Prostate cancer risk associated loci in African Americans", Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 18, pp.2145~2149 (2009)
- Waters KM, "Generalizability of associations from prostate cancer genome-wide association studies in multiple populations", Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 18, pp.1285~1289 (2009)
- Hooker S, "Replication of prostate cancer risk loci on 8q24, 11q13, 17q12, 19q33, and Xp11 in African Americans", Prostate, 70, pp.270~275 (2010)
- Cook MB, "A genome-wide association study of prostate cancer in West African men", Hum Genet, 133, pp.509~521 (2014)
- Powell IJ, "The impact of CAG repeats in exon 1 of the androgen receptor on disease progression after prostatectomy", Cancer, 103, pp.528~537 (2005)
- Roach M 3rd, "Racial differences in CYP3A4 genotype and survival among men treated on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 9202: a phase III randomized trial", Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 69, pp.79~87 (2007)
- Adams SA, "Decreased cancer mortality-to-incidence ratios with increased accessibility of federally qualified health centers", J Community Health, 40, pp.633~641 (2015)
- "Prostate Cancer Rates by Race and Ethnicity" (2016)[URL]