강용흘의 『브리태니커 백과사전』 기고문 분석
Younghill Kang's Contributions to Encyclopaedia Britannica
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This article explores how Younghill Kang strived to have his voice in allegedly neutral space of Encyclopaedia Britannica of 1929. Struggling with his rare identity as a "transplanted scholar" in the imperialistic West, Kang intends to present three far Eastern countries, China, Korea, and Japan, to then ill-informed Western readers. Drawing on but betraying the well-established expectation about the neutralness of knowledge presented in Britannica, he expresses respect for historic Chinese culture, affection for Korean culture, and contempt for barbaric Japanese past based on his personal experience, understanding, and preference. His intention seems to be embraced by the Encyclopaedia, but finally is appropriated to authenticate heretofore acknowledged presumptions against the East. Britannica's scheme gets easier, according to Edward Said's theoretical frame, because Encyclopaedia is a representative genre in which "synchronic essentialism" functions with panoptic vision, which subjugates living reality to ideology. Contrastingly, in his insight, narrative is lauded as a tool to invalidate the freezing gaze, claiming a human being's ability to change. Novel is a representative genre in which narrative is allowed to disturb the vision, revealing the arbitrariness and partiality of reality the vision creates. While Kang's career at Britannica is presented with understandable pride and joy in his second novel East Goes West 8 years later, he also describes the experience with some parody and twist. This article insists his experience of having his intention frustrated in his early career has contributed to the invention of double strategy he employs in East Goes West. In the work, he skillfully criticizes the hypocrisies of American dream under the cover of a typical immigrant saga. Kang's contributions to various Encyclopaedias, heretofore generally neglected in his study, will provide valuable perspectives to understand his development as a writer, especially with cosmopolitan consciousness.
Abstract
This article explores how Younghill Kang strived to have his voice in allegedly neutral space of Encyclopaedia Britannica of 1929. Struggling with his rare identity as a "transplanted scholar" in the imperialistic West, Kang intends to present three far Eastern countries, China, Korea, and Japan, to then ill-informed Western readers. Drawing on but betraying the well-established expectation about the neutralness of knowledge presented in Britannica, he expresses respect for historic Chinese culture, affection for Korean culture, and contempt for barbaric Japanese past based on his personal experience, understanding, and preference. His intention seems to be embraced by the Encyclopaedia, but finally is appropriated to authenticate heretofore acknowledged presumptions against the East. Britannica's scheme gets easier, according to Edward Said's theoretical frame, because Encyclopaedia is a representative genre in which "synchronic essentialism" functions with panoptic vision, which subjugates living reality to ideology. Contrastingly, in his insight, narrative is lauded as a tool to invalidate the freezing gaze, claiming a human being's ability to change. Novel is a representative genre in which narrative is allowed to disturb the vision, revealing the arbitrariness and partiality of reality the vision creates. While Kang's career at Britannica is presented with understandable pride and joy in his second novel East Goes West 8 years later, he also describes the experience with some parody and twist. This article insists his experience of having his intention frustrated in his early career has contributed to the invention of double strategy he employs in East Goes West. In the work, he skillfully criticizes the hypocrisies of American dream under the cover of a typical immigrant saga. Kang's contributions to various Encyclopaedias, heretofore generally neglected in his study, will provide valuable perspectives to understand his development as a writer, especially with cosmopolitan consciousness.
참고문헌 (31)
- 김욱동, "강용흘: 그의 삶과 문학" (2004), 서울대학교출판부
- 이광수, "이광수 전집 16", pp.366~369 (1963), 삼중당
- 이본영, "‘종이 시대의 거인’ 브리태니커 백과사전 출판 244년 만에 중단", 한겨레신문, ~ (2012)
- 임선애, "옥시덴탈리즘과 복제된 오리엔탈리즘의 한국적 기원 : ‘초당’ 연구", 한국사상과 문화, (54), pp.135~164 (2010), 한국사상문화학회
- 과학으로 야구를 헤집다, "한겨레신문", 2012
- 제이콥스, A. J, "한권으로 읽는 브리태니커" (2007), 김영사
- 황은덕, "『동양인 서양에 가다』에 나타난 디아스포라 주체", 영미어문학, (94), pp.165~188 (2010), 한국영미어문학회
- Einbinder, Harvey, "The Myth of Britannica" (1964), Grove Press
- Kang, Younghill, "Bed(Eastern Beds), , In Encyclopaedia Britannica. 14th Ed" (1929)
- Kang, Younghill, "Dance(Japanese Dance), , In Encyclopaedia Britannica. 14th Ed" (1929)
- Kang, Younghill, "Dress (Eastern Dress), In Encyclopaedia Britannica. 14th Ed" (1929)
- Kang, Younghill, "Li Po, In Encyclopaedia Britannica. 14th Ed" (1929)
- Kang, Younghill, "Society of Art, In Encyclopaedia Britannica. 14th Ed" (1929)
- Kang, Younghill, "TongHak, In Encyclopaedia Britannica. 14th Ed" (1929)
- Kang, Younghill, "Tu Fu, In Encyclopaedia Britannica. 14th Ed" (1929)
- Kang, Younghill, "The Grass Roof" (1931), Scribner's
- Kang, Younghill, "East Goes West : The Making of an Oriental Yankee" (1997), Kaya Production
- Kim, Elaine H, "Asian American Literature: an Introduction to the Writings and TheirSocial Context" (1982), Temple UP
- Knadler, Stephen, "Unacquiring Younghill Kang and Cosmopolitan Resistance to the Black and White Logic of Naturalization, In Recovered Legacies : Authority and Identity in Early Asian American Literature", pp.98~119 (2005), Temple UP
- 이건종, "THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN PRESENCE IN YOUNGHILL KANG`S `EAST GOES WEST`", CLA J, 45(3), pp.329~359, College Language Association
- Lew, Walter K, "Grafts, Transplants, Translation: The Americanizing of Younghill Kang. Modernism, Inc.: Body, Memory, Capital", pp.171~190 (2001), New York UP
- Like You: Postcolonial Women and the Interlocking Questions of Identity and Difference, In Dangerous liaisons: gender, nation, and postcolonial perspectives, "Not You", pp.1997, Minh-ha, Trinh T
- "Oriental", Oxford English Dictionary (OED), ~
- "Patriarch revised", 66~ (1929)
- Said, Edward, "Orientalism" (1978), Vintage Books
- "The life and work of Younghill Kang."Chronology.East Goes West:The Making of an Oriental Yankee.By Younghill Kang.New York:Kaya Production, "The life and work of Younghill Kang, In Chronology. East Goes West : The Making of an Oriental Yankee", pp.401~413 (1997), Kaya Production
- Thomas, Gillian, "A Position to Command Respect: Women and the Eleventh Britannica" (1992), Scarecrow Press
- Wong, Sau-ling Cynthia, "Reading Asian American Literature: From Necessity to Extravagance" (1993), Princeton UP
- Wood, Katherine, "Making of an Oriental Yankee", New York Times, 11~ (1937)
- "Yankee", Oxford English Dictionary (OED), ~