강용흘의 『동양인 서양에 가다』에 나타난 인종, 젠더, 계급, 제국주의
Race, Gender, Class and Imperialism in Younghill Kang's East Goes West
0
조회
0
다운로드
4
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Younghill Kang is one of the pioneers who wrote Korean or Asian American literature in English. Whereas Kang's first autobiographic novel, The Grass Roof, describes the narrator, Chung-pa Han's life in Korea before his immigration to the west, his second autobiographic novel, East Goes West, portrays the process of the exiled Korean intellectual seeking an access into American life through western education and knowledge in the urban United States and Canada during the 1920s and 1930s. During that period Korean or Asian Americans were regarded as inherently unassimilable aliens threatening to the core of American culture and identity on the basis of race. A series of acts directed solely against Asian made them ineligible for citizenship and caused them to experience compulsory sexual segregation from Asian, white and other women. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the issues of race, gender, class and imperialism are interlinked in Kang's East Goes West by focusing on the relationship or conflict between the minorities, including Korean and African American men, and the dominant whites. In East Goes West Korean men, including Han, Kang's "fictional alter ego," had to be forcefully feminized in the dominant white society when they had to work as houseboys, domestic servants, cooks, waiters and farmhands because of the racial discrimination even though they were the yangban, or aristocrat, class in Korea. This shows that their gender and race identities were built under regulatory oppression of society. Kang also demonstrates how the ideology of white racial superiority marks classes when he shows most of Korean or African American men had to remain cheap labourers and they were racially identified as the natural working classes in East Goes West. This paper also focuses on Kang's ambivalent attitudes of both desire and disillusionment towards assimilation into mainstream American society in seeking to claim membership in that society.
Abstract
Younghill Kang is one of the pioneers who wrote Korean or Asian American literature in English. Whereas Kang's first autobiographic novel, The Grass Roof, describes the narrator, Chung-pa Han's life in Korea before his immigration to the west, his second autobiographic novel, East Goes West, portrays the process of the exiled Korean intellectual seeking an access into American life through western education and knowledge in the urban United States and Canada during the 1920s and 1930s. During that period Korean or Asian Americans were regarded as inherently unassimilable aliens threatening to the core of American culture and identity on the basis of race. A series of acts directed solely against Asian made them ineligible for citizenship and caused them to experience compulsory sexual segregation from Asian, white and other women. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the issues of race, gender, class and imperialism are interlinked in Kang's East Goes West by focusing on the relationship or conflict between the minorities, including Korean and African American men, and the dominant whites. In East Goes West Korean men, including Han, Kang's "fictional alter ego," had to be forcefully feminized in the dominant white society when they had to work as houseboys, domestic servants, cooks, waiters and farmhands because of the racial discrimination even though they were the yangban, or aristocrat, class in Korea. This shows that their gender and race identities were built under regulatory oppression of society. Kang also demonstrates how the ideology of white racial superiority marks classes when he shows most of Korean or African American men had to remain cheap labourers and they were racially identified as the natural working classes in East Goes West. This paper also focuses on Kang's ambivalent attitudes of both desire and disillusionment towards assimilation into mainstream American society in seeking to claim membership in that society.
참고문헌 (30)
- 강용흘, "초당" (1993), 범우사
- 강용흘, "동양 선비 서양에 가시다" (2002), 범우사
- 김욱동, "강용흘:그의 삶과 문학" (2004), 서울대학교 출판부
- 르죈, 필립, "자서전의 규약" (1998)
- 임진희, "강용흘의 『동양인 서양으로 가다』에 나타난 코리안-아메리칸 드림", 논문집, 3, pp.427~445 (1997), 남서울대학교
- 정은숙, "맥신 홍 킹스턴의 대화적 기법: 이중목소리, 상호텍스트성, 트릭스터 전락을 중심으로", 박사, pp.1999
- Bulosan, Carlos, "America Is in the Heart" (1973), U of Washington P
- Chu, Patricia, "America in the Heart: Political Desire in Younghill Kang, Carlos Bulosan, Milton Murayama, and John Okada. Assimilating Asians: Gendered Strategies of Authorship in Asian America" (2000), Duke UP
- Fanon, Frantz, "The Wretched of the Earth. Trans. Constance Farrington" (1963), Grove Press
- Fanon, Frantz, "Charles Lam Markmann" (1967), Grove Weidenfeld
- Freud, Sigmund, "The Question of Lay Analysis" (1947), Imago Publishing Company
- Hall, Stuart, "Tony Jefferson., John Clarke., & Brian Roberts. Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, Law and Order" (1978), MacMillian
- Hynes, J. William, "Introducing the Fascinating and Perplexing Trickster Figure. Mythical Trickster Figures: Contours, Contexts, and Criticism" (1993), U of Alabama P
- Kang,Younghill, "East Goes West:The Making of an Oriental Yankee" (1937), Charles Scribner's Sons,Ltd.
- Kim, Elaine H, "Asian American Literature: An Introduction to the Writings and Their Social Context" (1982), Temple UP
- Kim, Elaine H, "Korean American Literature. An Interethnic Companion to Asian American Literature" (1997), Cambridge University Press
- EunsookKoo, "A Cosmopolitan’s Encounter with African Americans: Younghill Kang’s East Goes West", 미국학 논집, 34(2), pp.121~137 (2002), 한국아메리카학회
- Lew, Walter K, "Grafts, Transplants, Translation: The Americanzing of Younghill Kang. Modernism, Inc.: Body, Memory, Capital" (2001), New York UP
- Li, Devid Leiwei, "Imagining the Nation: Asian American Literature and Cultural Consent" (1998), Standford UP
- Postcolonialism, "Colonialism", pp.2005, Loomba,Ania
- Lowe, Lisa, "Immigrant Acts" (1996), Duke UP
- Lye, Colleen, "America's Asia: Racial Form and American Literature, 1893-1945" (2005), Princeton UP
- Ma, Sheung-mei, "Immigrant Subjectivities in Asian American and Asia American Literature" (1998), State U of New York P
- Knadler, Stephen P, "Unacquiring Negrophobia: Younghill Kang and the Cosmopolitan Resistance to the White Logic of Naturalization. The Fugitive Race: Minority Writers Resisting Whiteness" (2002), U of Mississippi P
- American: Historical Crossings of Racial Frontier, "Asian", pp.1999, Palumbo-Liu, David
- Said,Edward, "Orientalism. London and Henley" (1978), Routledge and Kegan Paul
- Scandura, Jani, "Introduction: America and the Phantom Modern. Modernism, Inc.: Body, Memory, Capital" (2001), New York UP
- Wade, James, "Younghill Kang's Unwritten Third Act", Korea Journal, 13(4), pp.57~61 (1973)
- Wong, Sau-ling Cynthia, "Ethnicizing Gender: An Exploration of Sexuality as Sign in Chinese Immigrant Literature. Reading the Literature of Asian America" (1992), Temple UP
- Young,Robert, "Colonial Desire:Hybridity in Theory,Culture and Race" (1995), Routledge