Smartphone Use at Night Affects Melatonin Secretion, Body Temperature, and Heart Rate
0
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
In the present study, we investigated the physiological effects of smartphone use at night when the display luminance and white balance were differently manipulated. Two levels of luminance and two types of white balance were combined to form four types of displays. Subjects were instructed to use smartphones between 23:00 to 01:00 twice a week for two weeks, and for each trial, subjects were given one of the four display types. Melatonin concentration in the saliva, body temperature and heart rate were measured before and after each experiment. The experimental result showed that the low luminance display supported melatonin secretion and thermoregulation compared to the high luminance display. With regard to the white balance, higher melatonin level was observed when using the display that filtered blue light. The low luminance display together with yellowish tint best supported restful sleep at night in terms of every physiological response. This study collectively demonstrates that bright and blue light emitted from smartphone displays adversely affect melatonin secretion, body temperature, and heart rate, and therefore, suggests the use of a display with low luminance or a display that filters blue light for a restful sleep at night.
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the physiological effects of smartphone use at night when the display luminance and white balance were differently manipulated. Two levels of luminance and two types of white balance were combined to form four types of displays. Subjects were instructed to use smartphones between 23:00 to 01:00 twice a week for two weeks, and for each trial, subjects were given one of the four display types. Melatonin concentration in the saliva, body temperature and heart rate were measured before and after each experiment. The experimental result showed that the low luminance display supported melatonin secretion and thermoregulation compared to the high luminance display. With regard to the white balance, higher melatonin level was observed when using the display that filtered blue light. The low luminance display together with yellowish tint best supported restful sleep at night in terms of every physiological response. This study collectively demonstrates that bright and blue light emitted from smartphone displays adversely affect melatonin secretion, body temperature, and heart rate, and therefore, suggests the use of a display with low luminance or a display that filters blue light for a restful sleep at night.
참고문헌 (34)
- Simone Benedetto, "Effects of luminance and illuminance on visual fatigue and arousal during digital reading", Computers in Human Behavior, 41, pp.112~119 (2014), Elsevier BV[DOI]
- D. M. Berson, "Phototransduction by Retinal Ganglion Cells That Set the Circadian Clock", Science, 295(5557), pp.1070~1073 (2002), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)[DOI]
- Brainard, G. C., "Action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans : evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor", Journal of Neuroscience, 21(16), pp.6405~6412 (2001)
- George C. Brainard, "Human Melatonin Regulation Is Not Mediated by the Three Cone Photopic Visual System", The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 86(1), pp.433~436 (2001), The Endocrine Society[DOI]
- Christian Cajochen, "High Sensitivity of Human Melatonin, Alertness, Thermoregulation, and Heart Rate to Short Wavelength Light", The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 90(3), pp.1311~1316 (2005), The Endocrine Society[DOI]
- Anne-Marie Chang, "Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(4), pp.1232~1237 (2015), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences[DOI]
- Chen, J., "Handbook of visual display technology(Vol. 131)" (2012), Springer
- Colquhoun, W. P., "Biological Rhythms and Human Performance" (1971), Academic press
- Czeisler, C. A., "Human sleep: its duration and organization depend on its circadian phase", Science, 210(4475), pp.1264~1267 (1980), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)[DOI]
- Dubocovich, M. L., "Melatonin is a potent modulator of dopamine release in the retina", Nature, 306(5945), pp.782~784 (1983)[DOI]
- Ferracioli-Oda, E., "Meta-analysis : melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders", PloS one, 8(5), pp.e63773~ (2013)[DOI]
- Mariana G. Figueiro, "An Overview of the Effects of Light on Human Circadian Rhythms: Implications for New Light Sources and Lighting Systems Design", Journal of Light & Visual Environment, 37(2_3), pp.51~61 (2013), Illuminating Engineering Society of Japan[DOI]
- Garfinkel, D., "Improvement of sleep quality in elderly people by controlled-release melatonin", The Lancet, 346(8974), pp.541~544 (1995), Elsevier BV[DOI]
- Megumi Hatori, "The emerging roles of melanopsin in behavioral adaptation to light", Trends in Molecular Medicine, 16(10), pp.435~446 (2010), Elsevier BV[DOI]
- Shigekazu Higuchi, "Effects of VDT tasks with a bright display at night on melatonin, core temperature, heart rate, and sleepiness", Journal of Applied Physiology, 94(5), pp.1773~1776 (2003), American Physiological Society[DOI]
- Leon C. Lack, "The relationship between insomnia and body temperatures", Sleep Medicine Reviews, 12(4), pp.307~317 (2008), Elsevier BV[DOI]
- Lambooij, M., "Visual discomfort and visual fatigue of stereoscopic displays: A review", Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, 53(3), pp.30201-1~ (2009)[DOI]
- Klodiana Lanaj, "Beginning the workday yet already depleted? Consequences of late-night smartphone use and sleep", Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 124(1), pp.11~23 (2014), Elsevier BV[DOI]
- Veronika Leichtfried, "Intense illumination in the morning hours improved mood and alertness but not mental performance", Applied Ergonomics, 46, pp.54~59 (2015), Elsevier BV[DOI]
- A. Lewy, "Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans", Science, 210(4475), pp.1267~1269 (1980), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)[DOI]
- Tianxing Li, "Hilight: Hiding bits in pixel translucency changes", ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 18(3), pp.62~70 (2015), Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)[DOI]
- Steven W. Lockley, "High Sensitivity of the Human Circadian Melatonin Rhythm to Resetting by Short Wavelength Light", The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88(9), pp.4502~4502 (2003), The Endocrine Society[DOI]
- TIMOTHY MONK, "Circadian rhythms in human performance and mood under constant conditions", Journal of Sleep Research, 6(1), pp.9~18 (1997), Wiley-Blackwell[DOI]
- Na, N., "Adaptive luminance contrast for enhancing reading performance and visual comfort on smartphone displays", Optical Engineering, 53(11), pp.113102~113102 (2014)[DOI]
- Na, N., "Optimal display color for nighttime smartphone users", Color Research & Application, 42(1), pp.60~67 (2017)[DOI]
- Na, N., "Dynamics of backlight luminance for using smartphone in dark environment", Human Vision and Electronic Imaging, pp.90140I~ (2014)
- Analysis of circadian properties and healthy levels of blue light from smartphones at night, "Oh, J. H.", ~, pp.Scientific Reports, 5 (2015)
- Ou, L. C., "Visual comfort as a function of lightness difference between text and background : A cross-age study using an LCD and a tablet computer", Color Research & Application, 40(2), pp.125~134 (2015)[DOI]
- Sale, S., "Consumer smartphone usage 2014: OTT communication services", Analysis Mason, ~ (2014)
- Thapan, K., "An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans", The Journal of Physiology, 535(1), pp.261~267 (2001)[DOI]
- Van den Bulck, J., "Adolescent use of mobile phones for calling and for sending text messages after lights out: results from a prospective cohort study with a one-year follow-up", Sleep, 30(9), pp.1220~1223 (2007)[DOI]
- Waldeck, M. R., "Heart rate during sleep : implications for monitoring training status", Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 2(4), pp.133~ (2003)
- Brittany Wood, "Light level and duration of exposure determine the impact of self-luminous tablets on melatonin suppression", Applied Ergonomics, 44(2), pp.237~240 (2013), Elsevier BV[DOI]
- Helen R. Wright, "EFFECT OF LIGHT WAVELENGTH ON SUPPRESSION AND PHASE DELAY OF THE MELATONIN RHYTHM", Chronobiology International, 18(5), pp.801~808 (2009), Informa UK Limited[DOI]