Evaluation of feed value of a by-product of pickled radish for ruminants: analyses of nutrient composition, storage stability, and in vitro ruminal fermentation
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Background: By-products of pickled radish (BPR) are considered food waste. Approximately 300 g/kg of the total mass of raw materials becomes BPR. Production of pickled radish has grown continuously and is presently about 40,000 metric tons annually in Korea. The objective of the present study was thus to explore the possibility of using BPR as a ruminant feed ingredient. Results: BPR contained a large amount of moisture (more than 800 g/kg) and ash, and comprised mostly sodium (103 g/kg DM) and chloride (142 g/kg DM). On a dry matter basis, the crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) levels in BPR were 75 g/kg and 7 g/kg, respectively. The total digestible nutrient (TDN) level was 527 g/kg and the major portion of digestible nutrients was carbohydrate; 88 % organic matter (OM) was carbohydrate and 65 % of total carbohydrate was soluble or degradable fiber. The coefficient of variation (CV) of nutrient contents among production batches ranged from 4.65 to 33.83 %. The smallest CV was observed in OM, and the largest, in EE. The variation in CP content was relatively small (10.11 %). The storage stability test revealed that storage of BPR at 20 °C (room temperature) might not cause spoilage for 4 d, and possibly longer. If BPR is refrigerated, spoilage can be deferred for 21 d and longer. The in vitro ruminal fermentation study showed that substitution of annual ryegrass straw with BPR improved ruminal fermentation, as evidenced by an increase in VFA concentration, DM degradability, and total gas production. Conclusion: The major portion of nutrients in BPR is soluble or degradable fiber that can be easily fermented in the rumen without adverse effects, to provide energy to ruminant animals. Although its high sodium chloride content needs to be considered when formulating a ration, BPR can be successfully used as a feed ingredient in a ruminant diet, particularly if it is one component of a total mixed ration. Abbreviations: A/P, Acetate/propionate; ADF, Acid detergent fiber; ADICP, Acid detergent insoluble crude protein; ADL, Acid detergent lignin; aNDF, neutral detergent fiber; ARS, Annual ryegrass straw; BPR, By-products of pickled radish; CM, Commercial concentrate mix; CNCPS, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System; CP, Crude protein; CV, Coefficient of variation; DM, Dry matter; EE, Ether extract; ESC, Ethanol soluble carbohydrate; HT, High temperature; IACUC, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee; IVDMD, In vitro ruminal DM degradability; LT, Low temperature; NDICP, Neutral detergent insoluble crude protein; NEg, Net energy for growth; NEm, Net energy for maintenance; NFC, Non-fiber carbohydrates; OM, Organic matter; RT, Room temperature; TDN, Total digestible nutrient; TMR, Total mixed ration
Abstract
Background: By-products of pickled radish (BPR) are considered food waste. Approximately 300 g/kg of the total mass of raw materials becomes BPR. Production of pickled radish has grown continuously and is presently about 40,000 metric tons annually in Korea. The objective of the present study was thus to explore the possibility of using BPR as a ruminant feed ingredient. Results: BPR contained a large amount of moisture (more than 800 g/kg) and ash, and comprised mostly sodium (103 g/kg DM) and chloride (142 g/kg DM). On a dry matter basis, the crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) levels in BPR were 75 g/kg and 7 g/kg, respectively. The total digestible nutrient (TDN) level was 527 g/kg and the major portion of digestible nutrients was carbohydrate; 88 % organic matter (OM) was carbohydrate and 65 % of total carbohydrate was soluble or degradable fiber. The coefficient of variation (CV) of nutrient contents among production batches ranged from 4.65 to 33.83 %. The smallest CV was observed in OM, and the largest, in EE. The variation in CP content was relatively small (10.11 %). The storage stability test revealed that storage of BPR at 20 °C (room temperature) might not cause spoilage for 4 d, and possibly longer. If BPR is refrigerated, spoilage can be deferred for 21 d and longer. The in vitro ruminal fermentation study showed that substitution of annual ryegrass straw with BPR improved ruminal fermentation, as evidenced by an increase in VFA concentration, DM degradability, and total gas production. Conclusion: The major portion of nutrients in BPR is soluble or degradable fiber that can be easily fermented in the rumen without adverse effects, to provide energy to ruminant animals. Although its high sodium chloride content needs to be considered when formulating a ration, BPR can be successfully used as a feed ingredient in a ruminant diet, particularly if it is one component of a total mixed ration. Abbreviations: A/P, Acetate/propionate; ADF, Acid detergent fiber; ADICP, Acid detergent insoluble crude protein; ADL, Acid detergent lignin; aNDF, neutral detergent fiber; ARS, Annual ryegrass straw; BPR, By-products of pickled radish; CM, Commercial concentrate mix; CNCPS, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System; CP, Crude protein; CV, Coefficient of variation; DM, Dry matter; EE, Ether extract; ESC, Ethanol soluble carbohydrate; HT, High temperature; IACUC, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee; IVDMD, In vitro ruminal DM degradability; LT, Low temperature; NDICP, Neutral detergent insoluble crude protein; NEg, Net energy for growth; NEm, Net energy for maintenance; NFC, Non-fiber carbohydrates; OM, Organic matter; RT, Room temperature; TDN, Total digestible nutrient; TMR, Total mixed ration
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