양식 참돔(Pagrus major)과 전복(Haliotis discus) 아가미의 색소 조성 분 석을 통한 적조 생물 노출 평가
Gill-pigment-based Evaluation of Red Seabream Pagrus major and Abalone Haliotis discus Exposure to Harmful Algal Blooms
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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) cause mortality in aquaculture; identifying the causative species is difficult after cell degradation due to microscopy limitation. Herein, we tested whether gill pigments could be analyzed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) to determine HAB exposure. Red seabream Pagrus major and abalone Haliotis discus were exposed to three HAB species (Margalefidinium polykrikoides, Alexandrium affine, and Karenia mikimotoi). The gill tissue pigments were analyzed using UPLC. M. polykrikoides (1,000, 2,000, 3,500 cells/mL) caused 100% P. major mortality in within 1 h. The cells were not microscopically visible due to their fragile structure; peridinin, a dinoflagellate marker pigment, accumulated in gill tissue. A. affine (500, 1,000, 2,500 cells/mL) caused no mortality but produced time-dependent increases in chlorophyll a and peridinin contents, indicating stress. K. mikimotoi (10,000 cells/mL) exposure increased chlorophyll a and fucoxanthin contents, with pigment levels increasing with exposure time and cell density. H. discus exposure to K. mikimotoi resulted in time and density-dependent increases in chlorophyll a and fucoxanthin contents. UPLC-based pigments were used to detect HAB exposure and pigment accumulation associated with specific taxa, even after algal cell degradation. This study provides a rapid, quantitative, and easy-to-use diagnostic tool for HAB monitoring and response strategies by laypersons.
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) cause mortality in aquaculture; identifying the causative species is difficult after cell degradation due to microscopy limitation. Herein, we tested whether gill pigments could be analyzed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) to determine HAB exposure. Red seabream Pagrus major and abalone Haliotis discus were exposed to three HAB species (Margalefidinium polykrikoides, Alexandrium affine, and Karenia mikimotoi). The gill tissue pigments were analyzed using UPLC. M. polykrikoides (1,000, 2,000, 3,500 cells/mL) caused 100% P. major mortality in within 1 h. The cells were not microscopically visible due to their fragile structure; peridinin, a dinoflagellate marker pigment, accumulated in gill tissue. A. affine (500, 1,000, 2,500 cells/mL) caused no mortality but produced time-dependent increases in chlorophyll a and peridinin contents, indicating stress. K. mikimotoi (10,000 cells/mL) exposure increased chlorophyll a and fucoxanthin contents, with pigment levels increasing with exposure time and cell density. H. discus exposure to K. mikimotoi resulted in time and density-dependent increases in chlorophyll a and fucoxanthin contents. UPLC-based pigments were used to detect HAB exposure and pigment accumulation associated with specific taxa, even after algal cell degradation. This study provides a rapid, quantitative, and easy-to-use diagnostic tool for HAB monitoring and response strategies by laypersons.