Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of Sardines at the fish landing center-Tanjung Luar-east Lombok using DNA sequences of the CO1 gene
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Sardine (Sardinella spp.) of the Clupeidae family is known as a fish with high economic value because it contains high omega-3 functioning to maintain heart and brain health. It has many similarities that are difficult to distinguish between one species and another. One method used to analyze kinship relationships based on similarity of characters is phylogenetics. Groups of organisms with similar characteristics are to have a close relationship biologically. This study aims to validate the Sardine species and its phylogenetic relationship with various Sardines using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene sequences. The Sardine sample used in this study was a Sardine caught by small-scale fishermen from several locations on Lombok Island and landed in the fish landing center of Tanjung Luar. The total fish samples amounted to 100 individuals using random methods. Firstly, the Sardine samples were grouped based on morphological characters. Next, the extraction and amplification of the DNA of 20 Sardines has the potential to be a candidate DNA marker for Sardines pecies using a commercial kit (DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit, Jena Bioscience, Jena, Germany). The amplification of CO1 rRNA target genes utilized the universal primer pair successfully found 688 bp and was sequenced. The CO1 gene sequence of Sardines was analyzed using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11 (MEGA 11). The phylogenetic relationships based on a sequence of the CO1 gene showed the Sardine landing fish of Tanjung Luar, East Lombok-Indonesia, can identify the CO1 gene from 13 individuals obtained from Gen- Bank, which indicates a close genetic relationship between Sardine from Tanjung Luar and Sardinella aurita . Genetic variation and population structure among 14 individuals based on molecular characteristics were analyzed using DnaSP v6. The genetic diversity value of Sardine is relatively high (average 0.97436) based on the haplotype diversity value, but it has a low population structure (F st = 0.37488). The high genetic diversity of Sardines still makes significant stability, and populations can adapt to individual environmental conditions and cope with disturbances, diseases, and climate changes. Next, it is necessary to fully support the best strategic conservation management program for the Sardine population sustainably.
Abstract
Sardine (Sardinella spp.) of the Clupeidae family is known as a fish with high economic value because it contains high omega-3 functioning to maintain heart and brain health. It has many similarities that are difficult to distinguish between one species and another. One method used to analyze kinship relationships based on similarity of characters is phylogenetics. Groups of organisms with similar characteristics are to have a close relationship biologically. This study aims to validate the Sardine species and its phylogenetic relationship with various Sardines using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene sequences. The Sardine sample used in this study was a Sardine caught by small-scale fishermen from several locations on Lombok Island and landed in the fish landing center of Tanjung Luar. The total fish samples amounted to 100 individuals using random methods. Firstly, the Sardine samples were grouped based on morphological characters. Next, the extraction and amplification of the DNA of 20 Sardines has the potential to be a candidate DNA marker for Sardines pecies using a commercial kit (DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit, Jena Bioscience, Jena, Germany). The amplification of CO1 rRNA target genes utilized the universal primer pair successfully found 688 bp and was sequenced. The CO1 gene sequence of Sardines was analyzed using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11 (MEGA 11). The phylogenetic relationships based on a sequence of the CO1 gene showed the Sardine landing fish of Tanjung Luar, East Lombok-Indonesia, can identify the CO1 gene from 13 individuals obtained from Gen- Bank, which indicates a close genetic relationship between Sardine from Tanjung Luar and Sardinella aurita . Genetic variation and population structure among 14 individuals based on molecular characteristics were analyzed using DnaSP v6. The genetic diversity value of Sardine is relatively high (average 0.97436) based on the haplotype diversity value, but it has a low population structure (F st = 0.37488). The high genetic diversity of Sardines still makes significant stability, and populations can adapt to individual environmental conditions and cope with disturbances, diseases, and climate changes. Next, it is necessary to fully support the best strategic conservation management program for the Sardine population sustainably.