Immediate implant placement in the premolar maxillary area: a cone-beam computed tomography study

Abstract

Purpose: This research aimed to investigate potential factors associated with the risk of perforation of the labial bone plate, nasal floor, or maxillary sinus floor during immediate implant placement (IIP) in the maxillary premolar area, utilizing a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) virtual study. Methods: CBCT exams from 179 eligible participants, encompassing 716 teeth, were included. Implants were virtually positioned in 2 orientations: along the long axis of the tooth (the prosthetically-driven position) and in an optimal position relative to adjacent anatomical structures (the bone-driven position). Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to assess potential associations between perforation or invasion and various covariates, including sex, age, tooth region, the distance from the tooth apex to the nasal f loor or maxillary sinus floor, the angle between the prosthetically- and bone-driven positions (implant-line A angle [ILAA]), and the labial concavity angle (LCA). Results: The mean ILAA was 18.3°±8.0°, and the angle was significantly larger for the second premolar compared to the first premolar. The mean minimum implant length was 13.0±2.1 mm, with a bone anchorage of 4 mm. The incidence of perforation was 84.1% for the prosthetically-driven position and 40.5% for the bone-driven position. Factors associated with a higher risk of cortical bone wall perforation or invasion of the 2-mm safety margin from surrounding anatomical structures (in the bone-driven position) included female sex, older age, shorter distance from the tooth apex to the nasal cavity/maxillary sinus, and smaller LCA. Conclusions: A high prevalence of cortical bone wall perforation or invasion of the 2-mm safety margin is anticipated when performing IIP in the maxillary premolar region.