국내 HIV 감염인의 기회감염증 치료와 예방에 관한 임상진료지침 권고안
Clinical Guidelines for the Treatment and Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in HIVinfected Koreans
2
조회
0
다운로드
8
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Clinical guidelines for treatment and prevention of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients have been developed in other countries. However, due to different epidemiological and clinical situations in Korea, the implementation of such guidelines may be not assured. Therefore, the Committee for Clinical Guidelines for the Treatment and Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-infection Koreans of The Korean Society for AIDS was founded in 2011 for development of optimal guidelines that can be directly applied in Korea. These guidelines aim to provide comprehensive information regarding treatment and prevention of opportunistic infections in Korea. The recommendations contain important information for physicians working with HIV/AIDS in actual clinical fields. Regular revision of the guidelines will be performed according to changes in clinical situations for opportunistic infections in HIV-infected Koreans.
Abstract
Clinical guidelines for treatment and prevention of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients have been developed in other countries. However, due to different epidemiological and clinical situations in Korea, the implementation of such guidelines may be not assured. Therefore, the Committee for Clinical Guidelines for the Treatment and Prevention of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-infection Koreans of The Korean Society for AIDS was founded in 2011 for development of optimal guidelines that can be directly applied in Korea. These guidelines aim to provide comprehensive information regarding treatment and prevention of opportunistic infections in Korea. The recommendations contain important information for physicians working with HIV/AIDS in actual clinical fields. Regular revision of the guidelines will be performed according to changes in clinical situations for opportunistic infections in HIV-infected Koreans.
참고문헌 (320)
- Choe PG., "Late presentation of HIV disease and its associated factors among newly diagnosed patients before and after abolition of a government policy of mass mandatory screening", J Infect, 63, pp.60~65 (2011)
- Kaplan JE., "Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIVinfected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America", MMWR Recomm Rep, 58, pp.1~207 (2009)
- Pifer LL., "Pneumocystis carinii infection : evidence for high prevalence in normal and immunosuppressed children", Pediatrics, 61, pp.35~41 (1978)
- Keely SP., "Genetic variation among Pneumocystis carinii hominis isolates in recurrent pneumocystosis", J Infect Dis, 172, pp.595~598 (1995)
- Kaplan JE., "Risk factors for primary Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents and adults in the United States : reassessment of indications for chemoprophylaxis", J Infect Dis, 178, pp.1126~1132 (1998)
- Furrer H., "Discontinuation of primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-1-infected adults treated with combination antiretroviral therapy. Swiss HIV Cohort Study", N Engl J Med, 340, pp.1301~1306 (1999)
- Oh MD., "Spectrum of opportunistic infections and malignancies in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection in South Korea", Clin Infect Dis, 29, pp.1524~1528 (1999)
- Kovacs JA., "Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia : a comparison between patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and patients with other immunodeficiencies", Ann Intern Med, 100, pp.663~671 (1984)
- Stover DE., "Bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in the immunosuppressed host", Ann Intern Med, 101, pp.1~7 (1984)
- Smith DE., "Severe exercise hypoxaemia with normal or near normal X-rays : a feature of Pneumocystis carinii infection", Lancet, 2, pp.1049~1051 (1988)
- Gruden JF., "High-resolution CT in the evaluation of clinically suspected Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients with normal, equivocal, or nonspecific radiographic findings", AJR Am J Roentgenol, 169, pp.967~975 (1997)
- Torres J., "Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with polymerase chain reaction : a blinded comparison to standard methods", Clin Infect Dis, 30, pp.141~145 (2000)
- Safrin S., "Comparison of three regimens for treatment of mild to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. A doubleblind, randomized, trial of oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, dapsone-trimethoprim, and clindamycin-primaquine. ACTG 108 Study Group", Ann Intern Med, 124, pp.792~802 (1996)
- Hughes W., "Comparison of atovaquone(566C80)with trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole to treat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS", N Engl J Med, 328, pp.1521~1527 (1993)
- Safrin S., "Adjunctive folinic acid with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients is associated with an increased risk of therapeutic failure and death", J Infect Dis, 170, pp.912~917 (1994)
- Huang L., "Dihydropteroate synthase gene mutations in Pneumocystis and sulfa resistance", Emerg Infect Dis, 10, pp.1721~1728 (2004)
- Bozzette SA., "A controlled trial of early adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome", N Engl J Med, 323, pp.1451~1457 (1990)
- Medina I., "Oral therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A controlled trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus trimethoprim-dapsone", N Engl J Med, 323, pp.776~782 (1990)
- Black JR., "Clindamycin and primaquine therapy for mild-tomoderate episodes of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS : AIDS Clinical Trials Group 044", Clin Infect Dis, 18, pp.905~913 (1994)
- Wharton JM., "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A prospective randomized trial", Ann Intern Med, 105, pp.37~44 (1986)
- Zolopa A., "Early antiretroviral therapy reduces AIDS progression", death in individuals with acute opportunistic infections: a multicenter randomized strategy trial, 2009, pp.4, e5575~
- Gordin FM., "Adverse reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome", Ann Intern Med, 100, pp.495~499 (1984)
- Koval CE., "Immune reconstitution syndrome after successful treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a man with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection", Clin Infect Dis, 35, pp.491~493 (2002)
- Smego RA Jr., "A meta-analysis of salvage therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia", Arch Intern Med, 161, pp.1529~1533 (2001)
- Bozzette SA., "A randomized trial of three antipneumocystis agents in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group", N Engl J Med, 332, pp.693~699 (1995)
- Para MF., "Reduced toxicity with gradual initiation of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia : AIDS Clinical Trials Group 268", J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 24, pp.337~343 (2000)
- Schneider MM., "A controlled trial of aerosolized pentamidine or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Dutch AIDS Treatment Group", N Engl J Med, 327, pp.1836~1841 (1992)
- Soriano V., "Discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis for opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy", AIDS, 14, pp.383~386 (2000)
- American Thoracic Society, "Treatment of tuberculosis", MMWR Recomm Rep, 52, pp.1~77 (2003)
- JuneMyungKim, "Epidemiology and Clinical Features of HIV Infection", AIDS in Korea, 2003, pp.44(3), 363~370[DOI]
- Lee CH., "The burden and characteristics of tuberculosis", human immunodeficiency virus (TB, BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES, pp.2010, 10(66)[DOI]
- Anonymous., "Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. American Thoracic Society", MMWR Recomm Rep, 49, pp.1~51 (2000)
- Horsburgh CR Jr., "Priorities for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in the United States", N Engl J Med, 350, pp.2060~2067 (2004)
- Hirsch HH., "Immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients", Clin Infect Dis, 38, pp.1159~1166 (2004)
- Breen RA., "Does immune reconstitution syndrome promote active tuberculosis in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy?", AIDS, 19, pp.1201~1206 (2005)
- Batungwanayo J., "Pulmonary tuberculosis in Kigali, Rwanda. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on clinical and radiographic presentation", Am Rev Respir Dis, 146, pp.53~56 (1992)
- Perlman DC., "Variation of chest radiographic patterns in pulmonary tuberculosis by degree of human immunodeficiency virus-related immunosuppression. The Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS(CPCRA). The AIDS Clinical Trials Group(ACTG)", Clin Infect Dis, 25, pp.242~246 (1997)
- Post FA., "Pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV infection : radiographic appearance is related to CD4+ Tlymphocyte count", Tuber Lung Dis, 76, pp.518~521 (1995)
- Jones BE., "Relationship of the manifestations of tuberculosis to CD4 cell counts in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection", Am Rev Respir Dis, 148, pp.1292~1297 (1993)
- Whalen C., "Accelerated course of human immunodeficiency virus infection after tuberculosis", Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151, pp.129~135 (1995)
- Nahid P., "Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis", Proc Am Thorac Soc, 3, pp.103~110 (2006)
- Menzies D., "Meta-analysis : new tests for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection : areas of uncertainty and recommendations for research", Ann Intern Med, 146, pp.340~354 (2007)
- Brock I., "Latent tuberculosis in HIV positive, diagnosed by the M. tuberculosis specific interferon-gamma test", Respir Res, 7, pp.56~ (2006)
- Pai M., "Interferon-gamma assays for tuberculosis : is anergy the Achilles' heel?", Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 172, pp.519~521 (2005)
- Greenberg SD., "Active pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with AIDS : spectrum of radiographic findings(including a normal appearance)", Radiology, 193, pp.115~119 (1994)
- Artenstein AW., "Isolated peripheral tuberculous lymphadenitis in adults : current clinical and diagnostic issues", Clin Infect Dis, 20, pp.876~882 (1995)
- Golden MP., "Extrapulmonary tuberculosis : an overview", Am Fam Physician, 72, pp.1761~1768 (2005)
- Shriner KA., "Comparison of mycobacterial lymphadenitis among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus and seronegative controls", Clin Infect Dis, 15, pp.601~605 (1992)
- French MA., "Disorders of immune reconstitution in patients with HIV infection responding to antiretroviral therapy", Curr HIV, 2007, pp.4, 16~21
- Schiffer JT., "Timing of antiretroviral therapy initiation in tuberculosis patients with AIDS : a decision analysis", J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 44, pp.229~234 (2007)
- Abdool Karim SS., "Timing of initiation of antiretroviral drugs during tuberculosis therapy", N Engl J Med, 362, pp.697~706 (2010)
- Yew WW., "Antituberculosis drugs and hepatotoxicity", Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 175, pp.858~859 (2007)
- Yee D., "Incidence of serious side effects from first-line antituberculosis drugs among patients treated for active tuberculosis", Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 167, pp.1472~1477 (2003)
- Dean GL., "Treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy", AIDS, 16, pp.75~83 (2002)
- Burman WJ., "Therapeutic implications of drug interactions in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-related tuberculosis", Clin Infect Dis, 28, pp.419~429 (1999)
- "Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1 infected adults and adolescents" (2009)[URL]
- Meintjes G., "Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome : case definitions for use in resource-limited settings", Lancet Infect Dis, 8, pp.516~523 (2008)
- Manosuthi W., "Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients receiving antituberculous and antiretroviral therapy", J Infect, 53, pp.357~363 (2006)
- French MA., "Immune restoration disease after antiretroviral therapy", AIDS, 18, pp.1615~1627 (2004)
- Colebunders R., "Tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in countries with limited resources", Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 10, pp.946~953 (2006)
- Michailidis C., "Clinical characteristics of IRIS syndrome in patients with HIV and tuberculosis", Antivir Ther, 10, pp.417~422 (2005)
- Lawn SD., "Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution disease : incidence, risk factors and impact in an antiretroviral treatment service in South Africa", AIDS, 21, pp.335~341 (2007)
- Navas E., "Paradoxical reactions of tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who are treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy", Arch Intern Med, 162, pp.97~99 (2002)
- Wendel KA., "Paradoxical worsening of tuberculosis in HIVinfected persons", Chest, 120, pp.193~197 (2001)
- Elzi L., "Reducing tuberculosis incidence by tuberculin skin testing, preventive treatment, and antiretroviral therapy in an area of low tuberculosis transmission", Clin Infect Dis, 44, pp.94~102 (2007)
- Gordin FM., "Early manifestations of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex disease : a prospective evaluation", J Infect Dis, 176, pp.126~132 (1997)
- Havlik JA Jr., "Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection : clinical identification and epidemiologic trends", J Infect Dis, 165, pp.577~580 (1992)
- Benson CA., "Treatment of disseminated disease due to the Mycobacterium avium complex in patients with AIDS", Clin Infect Dis, 18, pp.S237~S242 (1994)
- Benson CA., "Disease due to the Mycobacterium avium complex in patients with AIDS: epidemiology and clinical syndrome", Clin Infect Dis, 18(Suppl 3), pp.S218~S222 (1994)
- Chaisson RE., "Incidence and natural history of Mycobacterium avium-complex infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease treated with zidovudine. The Zidovudine Epidemiology Study Group", Am Rev Respir Dis, 146, pp.285~289 (1992)
- Hellyer TJ., "Gastro-intestinal involvement in Mycobacterium aviumintracellulare infection of patients with HIV", J Infect, 26, pp.55~66 (1993)
- Torriani FJ., "Autopsy findings in AIDS patients with Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia", J Infect Dis, 170, pp.1601~1605 (1994)
- Phillips P., "Nontuberculous mycobacterial immune reconstitution syndrome in HIV-infected patients : spectrum of disease and long-term follow-up", Clin Infect Dis, 41, pp.1483~1497 (2005)
- Shanson DC., "Comparison of methods for isolating Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare from blood of patients with AIDS", J Clin Pathol, 41, pp.687~690 (1988)
- Benson CA., "A prospective, randomized trial examining the efficacy and safety of clarithromycin in combination with ethambutol, rifabutin, or both for the treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex disease in persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome", Clin Infect Dis, 37, pp.1234~1243 (2003)
- May T., "Comparison of combination therapy regimens for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with disseminated bacteremia due to Mycobacterium avium. ANRS Trial 033 Curavium Group. Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida", Clin Infect Dis, 25, pp.621~629 (1997)
- Gordin FM., "A randomized, placebocontrolled study of rifabutin added to a regimen of clarithromycin and ethambutol for treatment of disseminated infection with Mycobacterium avium complex", Clin Infect Dis, 28, pp.1080~1085 (1999)
- Cohn DL., "A prospective randomized trial of four three-drug regimens in the treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex disease in AIDS patients : excess mortality associated with high-dose clarithromycin. Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS", Clin Infect Dis, 29, pp.125~133 (1999)
- Ward TT., "Randomized, open-label trial of azithromycin plus ethambutol vs. clarithromycin plus ethambutol as therapy for Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Veterans Affairs HIV Research Consortium", Clin Infect Dis, 27, pp.1278~1285 (1998)
- Dunne M., "A randomized, double-blind trial comparing azithromycin and clarithromycin in the treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus", Clin Infect Dis, 31, pp.1245~1252 (2000)
- Havlir DV., "Prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex with weekly azithromycin, daily rifabutin, or both. California Collaborative Treatment Group", N Engl J Med, 335, pp.392~398 (1996)
- Benson CA., "Clarithromycin or rifabutin alone or in combination for primary prophylaxis of Mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients with AIDS : A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group 196", Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS 009 Protocol Team, 2000, pp.181, 1289~1297
- Currier JS., "Discontinuation of Mycobacterium avium complex prophylaxis in patients with antiretroviral therapy-induced increases in CD4+ cell count. A randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 362 Study Team", Ann Intern Med, 133, pp.493~503 (2000)
- Aberg JA., "Eradication of AIDSrelated disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection after 12 months of antimycobacterial therapy combined with highly active antiretroviral therapy", J Infect Dis, 178, pp.1446~1449 (1998)
- Aberg JA., "A study of discontinuing maintenance therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects with disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex : AIDS Clinical Trial Group 393 Study Team", J Infect Dis, 187, pp.1046~1052 (2003)
- Fichtenbaum CJ., "Refractory mucosal candidiasis in advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection", Clin Infect Dis, 30, pp.749~756 (2000)
- Martins MD., "Declining rates of oropharyngeal candidiasis and carriage of Candida albicans associated with trends toward reduced rates of carriage of fluconazole-resistant C. albicans in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients", Clin Infect Dis, 27, pp.1291~1294 (1998)
- Rex JH., "Practice guidelines for the treatment of candidiasis. Infectious Diseases Society of America", Clin Infect Dis, 30, pp.662~678 (2000)
- Vazquez JA., "A multicenter randomized trial evaluating posaconazole versus fluconazole for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in subjects with HIV", AIDS, 2006, pp.42, 1179~1186
- de Wet N., "A randomized, doubleblind, parallel-group, dose-response study of micafungin compared with fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in HIV-positive patients", Clin Infect Dis, 39, pp.842~849 (2004)
- Krause DS., "A randomized, double-blind trial of anidulafungin versus fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis", Clin Infect Dis, 39, pp.770~775 (2004)
- Skiest DJ., "Posaconazole for the treatment of azole-refractory oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in subjects with HIV infection", Clin Infect Dis, 44, pp.607~614 (2007)
- Havlir DV., "Prophylaxis with weekly versus daily fluconazole for fungal infections in patients with AIDS", Clin Infect Dis, 27, pp.1369~1375 (1998)
- Powderly WG., "A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with clotrimazole troches for the prevention of fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group", N Engl J Med, 332, pp.700~705 (1995)
- Schuman P., "Weekly fluconazole for the prevention of mucosal candidiasis in women with HIV infection. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS", Ann Intern Med, 126, pp.689~696 (1997)
- Goldman M., "A randomized study of the use of fluconazole in continuous versus episodic therapy in patients with advanced HIV infection and a history of oropharyngeal candidiasis : AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 323", Mycoses Study Group Study 40, 2005, pp.41, 1473~1480
- Marty F., "Antifungal use in HIV infection", Expert Opin Pharmacother, 3, pp.91~102 (2002)
- Lopez-Rangel E., "Prenatal exposure to fluconazole : an identifiable dysmorphic phenotype", Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol, 73, pp.919~923 (2005)
- Aberg J., "Cryptococcosis, In AIDS Therapy" (2002), Churcill Livingstone
- Mirza SA., "The changing epidemiology of cryptococcosis : an update from population-based active surveillance in 2 large metropolitan areas, 1992-2000", Clin Infect Dis, 36, pp.789~794 (2003)
- Powderly WG., "Measurement of cryptococcal antigen in serum and cerebrospinal fluid : value in the management of AIDS-associated Cryptococcal meningitis", Clin Infect Dis, 18, pp.789~792 (1994)
- Saag MS., "Practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease. Infectious Diseases Society of America", Clin Infect Dis, 30, pp.710~718 (2000)
- van der Horst CM., "Treatment of Cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Clinical Trials Group", N Engl J Med, 337, pp.15~21 (1997)
- Brouwer AE., "Combination antifungal therapies for HIV-associated Cryptococcal meningitis : a randomised trial", Lancet, 363, pp.1764~1767 (2004)
- Larsen RA., "Fluconazole combined with flucytosine for treatment of Cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS", Clin Infect Dis, 19, pp.741~745 (1994)
- Baddour LM., "Successful use of amphotericin B lipid complex in the treatment of cryptococcosis", Clin Infect Dis, 40(Suppl 6), pp.S409~S413 (2005)
- Leenders AC., "Liposomal amphotericin B(AmBisome)compared with amphotericin B both followed by oral fluconazole in the treatment of AIDS-associated Cryptococcal meningitis", AIDS, 11, pp.1463~1471 (1997)
- Bicanic T., "Fungal burden, early fungicidal activity, and outcome in Cryptococcal meningitis in antiretroviral-naive or antiretroviral-experienced patients treated with amphotericin B or fluconazole", Clin Infect Dis, 45, pp.76~80 (2007)
- Saag MS., "A comparison of itraconazole versus fluconazole as maintenance therapy for AIDS-associated Cryptococcal meningitis. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group", Clin Infect Dis, 28, pp.291~296 (1999)
- Graybill JR., "Diagnosis and management of increased intracranial pressure in patients with AIDS and Cryptococcal meningitis. The NIAID Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Cooperative Treatment Groups", Clin Infect Dis, 30, pp.47~54 (2000)
- Fessler RD., "Management of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with Cryptococcal meningitis", J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol, 17, pp.137~142 (1998)
- Shelburne SA 3rd., "The role of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in AIDS-related Cryptococcus neoformans disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy", Clin Infect Dis, 40, pp.1049~1052 (2005)
- Brandt ME., "Trends in antifungal drug susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates in the United States : 1992 to 1994 and 1996 to 1998", Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 45, pp.3065~3069 (2001)
- Chen SC., "Cryptococcosis in Australasia and the treatment of cryptococcal and other fungal infections with liposomal amphotericin B", J Antimicrob Chemother, 49(Suppl 1), pp.57~61 (2002)
- McKinsey DS., "Itraconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection : randomized, placebocontrolled, double-blind study. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group", Clin Infect Dis, 28, pp.1049~1056 (1999)
- Larsen RA., "Editorial response : A comparison of itraconazole versus fluconazole as maintenance therapy for AIDS-associated Cryptococcal meningitis", Clin Infect Dis, 28, pp.297~298 (1999)
- Powderly WG., "A controlled trial of fluconazole or amphotericin B to prevent relapse of Cryptococcal meningitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group and Mycoses Study Group", N Engl J Med, 326, pp.793~798 (1992)
- Kirk O., "Safe interruption of maintenance therapy against previous infection with four common HIV-associated opportunistic pathogens during potent antiretroviral therapy", Ann Intern Med, 137, pp.239~250 (2002)
- Vibhagool A., "Discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis for Cryptococcal meningitis in human immunodeficiency virusinfected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy : a prospective, multicenter, randomized study", Clin Infect Dis, 36, pp.1329~1331 (2003)
- Mussini C., "Discontinuation of maintenance therapy for Cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy : an international observational study", Clin Infect Dis, 38, pp.565~571 (2004)
- Luft BJ., "Toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome", JAMA, 252, pp.913~917 (1984)
- Israelski DM., "Prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in a cohort of homosexual men at risk of AIDS and toxoplasmic encephalitis", J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 6, pp.414~418 (1993)
- Abgrall S., "I Incidence and risk factors for toxoplasmic encephalitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients before and during the highly active antiretroviral therapy era", Clin Infect Dis, 33, pp.1747~1755 (2001)
- Leport C., "Pyrimethamine for primary prophylaxis of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection : a double-blind, randomized trial. ANRS 005-ACTG 154 Group Members. Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA. AIDS Clinical Trial Group", J Infect Dis, 173, pp.91~97 (1996)
- Kupfer MC., "MRI evaluation of AIDS-related encephalopathy : toxoplasmosis vs. lymphoma", Magn Reson Imaging, 8, pp.51~57 (1990)
- Pierce MA., "Evaluating contrastenhancing brain lesions in patients with AIDS by using positron emission tomography", Ann Intern Med, 123, pp.594~598 (1995)
- Derouin F., "Predictive value of Toxoplasma gondii antibody titres on the occurrence of toxoplasmic encephalitis in HIV-infected patients. ANRS 005", ACTG 154 Trial Group, 1996, pp.10, 1521~1527
- Novati R., "Polymerase chain reaction for Toxoplasma gondii DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patients with focal brain lesions", AIDS, 8, pp.1691~1694 (1994)
- Cinque P., "Diagnosis of central nervous system complications in HIV-infected patients : cerebrospinal fluid analysis by the polymerase chain reaction", AIDS, 11, pp.1~17 (1997)
- Katlama C., "Pyrimethamine-clindamycin vs. pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine as acute and long-term therapy for toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS", Clin Infect Dis, 22, pp.268~275 (1996)
- Luft BJ., "Toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome", N Engl J Med, 329, pp.995~1000 (1993)
- Torre D., "Randomized trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine for therapy of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. Italian Collaborative Study Group", Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 42, pp.1346~1349 (1998)
- Chirgwin K., "Randomized phase II trial of atovaquone with pyrimethamine or sulfadiazine for treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome : ACTG 237", ANRS 039 Study. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 237, Clin Infect Dis, pp.2002, 34[DOI]
- Torres RA., "Atovaquone for salvage treatment and suppression of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. Atovaquone", Toxoplasmic Encephalitis Study Group, 1997, pp.24, 422~429
- Jacobson JM., "Dose-escalation, phase I", II study of azithromycin and pyrimethamine for the treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS, 2001, pp.15, 583~589
- Carr A., "Low-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis for toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS", Ann Intern Med, 117, pp.106~111 (1992)
- Podzamczer D., "Intermittent trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole compared with dapsone-pyrimethamine for the simultaneous primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia and toxoplasmosis in patients infected with HIV", Ann Intern Med, 122, pp.755~761 (1995)
- Opravil M., "Once-weekly administration of dapsone", pyrimethamine vs. aerosolized pentamidine as combined prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, 1995, pp.20, 531~541
- Girard PM., "Dapsone-pyrimethamine compared with aerosolized pentamidine as primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmosis in HIV infection", N Engl J Med, 328, pp.1514~1520 (1993)
- Mussini C., "Discontinuation of primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmic encephalitis in human immunodeficiency virus type I-infected patients : the changes in opportunistic prophylaxis study", J Infect Dis, 181, pp.1635~1642 (2000)
- Miro JM., "Discontinuation of primary and secondary Toxoplasma gondii prophylaxis is safe in HIV-infected patients after immunological restoration with highly active antiretroviral therapy : results of an open, randomized, multicenter clinical trial", Clin Infect Dis, 43, pp.79~89 (2006)
- Bertschy S., "Discontinuation of maintenance therapy against toxoplasma encephalitis in AIDS patients with sustained response to anti-retroviral therapy", Clin Microbiol Infect, 12, pp.666~671 (2006)
- Wong SY., "Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis, 18", Clin Infect Dis, 18, pp.853~861 (1994)
- Hirschtick RE., "Bacterial pneumonia in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group", N Engl J Med, 333, pp.845~851 (1995)
- Wallace JM., "Respiratory disease trends in the Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study cohort. Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group", Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 155, pp.72~80 (1997)
- Sullivan JH., "Effect of antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of bacterial pneumonia in patients with advanced HIV infection", Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162, pp.64~67 (2000)
- Turett GS., "Penicillin resistance and other predictors of mortality in pneumococcal bacteremia in a population with high human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence", Clin Infect Dis, 29, pp.321~327 (1999)
- Mundy LM., "Community-acquired pneumonia : impact of immune status", Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152, pp.1309~1315 (1995)
- Tarp B., "Search for agents causing atypical pneumonia in HIV-positive patients by inhibitor-controlled PCR assays", Eur Respir J, 13, pp.175~179 (1999)
- Afessa B., "Bacterial pneumonia in hospitalized patients with HIV infection : the Pulmonary Complications, ICU Support, and Prognostic Factors of Hospitalized Patients with HIV(PIP)Study", Chest, 117, pp.1017~1022 (2000)
- Redd SC., "The role of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pneumococcal bacteremia in San Francisco residents", J Infect Dis, 162, pp.1012~1017 (1990)
- Falcó V., "Bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected patients : a prospective study of 68 episodes", Eur Respir J, 7, pp.235~239 (1994)
- Kohli R., "Bacterial pneumonia, HIV therapy, and disease progression among HIV-infected women in the HIV epidemiologic research(HER)study", Clin Infect Dis, 43, pp.90~98 (2006)
- Cordero E., "Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients : validation of severity criteria. The Grupo Andaluz para el Estudio de las Enfermedades Infecciosas", Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162, pp.2063~2068 (2000)
- Gil Suay V., "Parapneumonic effusions secondary to community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients", Eur Respir J, 8, pp.1934~1939 (1995)
- 송재훈, "지역사회획득 폐렴의 치료지침 권고안", Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, 67(4), pp.281~302 (2009), 대한결핵및호흡기학회
- Breiman RF., "Evaluation of effectiveness of the 23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine for HIV-infected patients", Arch Intern Med, 160, pp.2633~2638 (2000)
- Hung CC., "Clinical experience of the 23-valent capsular polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccination in HIV-1-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy : a prospective observational study", Vaccine, 22, pp.2006~2012 (2004)
- Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices., "Recommended adult immunization schedule : United States, October 2007-September 2008", Ann Intern Med, 147, pp.725~729 (2007)
- Crum-Cianflone NF., "A randomized clinical trial comparing revaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to polysaccharide vaccine among HIV-infected adults", J Infect Dis, 202, pp.1114~1125 (2010)
- Angulo FJ., "Bacterial enteric infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus", Clin Infect Dis, 21(Suppl 1), pp.S84~S93 (1995)
- Celum CL., "Incidence of salmonellosis in patients with AIDS", J Infect Dis, 156, pp.998~1002 (1987)
- Nelson MR., "Salmonella, Campylobacter and Shigella in HIV-seropositive patients", AIDS, 6, pp.1495~1498 (1992)
- Sanchez TH., "Bacterial diarrhea in persons with HIV infection, United States, 1992-2002", Clin Infect Dis, 41, pp.1621~1627 (2005)
- Sorvillo FJ., "Incidence of campylobacteriosis among patients with AIDS in Los Angeles County", J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 4, pp.598~602 (1991)
- Aragón TJ., "Case-control study of shigellosis in San Francisco : the role of sexual transmission and HIV infection", Clin Infect Dis, 44, pp.327~334 (2007)
- Quinn TC., "Infections with Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter-like organisms in homosexual men", Ann Intern Med, 101, pp.187~192 (1984)
- Kristjánsson M., "Polymicrobial and recurrent bacteremia with Shigella in a patient with AIDS", Scand J Infect Dis, 26, pp.411~416 (1994)
- Mayer KH., "Recurrent Salmonella infection with a single strain in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Confirmation by plasmid fingerprinting", Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 4, pp.71~76 (1986)
- Rubino S., "Molecular typing of non-typhoid Salmonella strains isolated from HIV-infected patients with recurrent salmonellosis", AIDS, 13, pp.137~139 (1999)
- Finley JL., "General Pathology of HIV Infection, In AIDS and Other Manifestations of HIV Infection. 4th ed", pp.733~772 (2004), Elsevier
- Guerrant RL., "Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea", Clin Infect Dis, 32, pp.331~351 (2001)
- Spach DH, "Primary Care in Developed Countries, In AIDS Therapy. 3rd ed", pp.23~42 (2008), Churchill Livingstone
- Blocker ME., "HIV prevalence in patients with syphilis, United States", Sex Transm Dis, 27, pp.53~59 (2000)
- Stolte IG., "Increase in sexually transmitted infections among homosexual men in Amsterdam in relation to HAART", Sex Transm Infect, 77, pp.184~186 (2001)
- Torian LV., "HIV infection in men who have sex with men, New York City Department of Health sexually transmitted disease clinics, 1990-1999 : a decade of serosurveillance finds that racial disparities and associations between HIV and gonorrhea persist", Sex Transm Dis, 29, pp.73~78 (2002)
- 백진옥, "최근 일반 건강인에서의 매독 유병률 경향: 서울지역 단일 기관에서의 연구", 대한피부과학회지, 49(02), pp.106~110 (2011), 대한피부과학회
- Choe KW., "Opportunistic infections and malignancies in 173 patients with HIV infection", Korean J Infect Dis, 30, pp.507~515 (1998)
- Kim JM., "Epidemiologic and clinical features of HIV infection", AIDS in Koreans, 2001, pp.61, 355~364
- Chung MH., "Sexually transmitted diseases, In The Korean Society of Infectious Diseases. Infectious Diseases. 1st ed", pp.171~215 (2007), Koonja
- Rompalo AM., "Clinical manifestations of early syphilis by HIV status and gender : results of the syphilis and HIV study", Sex Transm Dis, 28, pp.158~165 (2001)
- Rompalo AM., "Modification of syphilitic genital ulcer manifestations by coexistent HIV infection", Sex Transm Dis, 28, pp.448~454 (2001)
- Bayne LL., "Acute syphilitic meningitis. Its occurrence after clinical and serologic cure of secondary syphilis with penicillin G", Arch Neurol, 43, pp.137~138 (1986)
- Marra CM., "Cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in patients with syphilis : association with clinical and laboratory features", J Infect Dis, 189, pp.369~376 (2004)
- 대한에이즈학회, "국내 HIV 감염인의 HIV", AIDS 진단 및 치료에 관한 임상진료지침 권고안, 2011, pp.43(2), 89~128[DOI]
- Marra CM., "Normalization of cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities after neurosyphilis therapy : does HIV status matter?", Clin Infect Dis, 38, pp.1001~1006 (2004)
- Mofenson LM., "Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections among HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children : recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the American Academy of Pediatrics", MMWR Recomm Rep, 58, pp.1~166 (2009)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC), "Azithromycin treatment failures in syphilis infections--San Francisco, California, 2002-2003", MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 53, pp.197~198 (2004)
- Lukehart SA., "Macrolide resistance in Treponema pallidum in the United States and Ireland", N Engl J Med, 351, pp.154~158 (2004)
- Mitchell SJ., "Azithromycin-resistant syphilis infection : San Francisco, California, 2000-2004", Clin Infect Dis, 42, pp.337~345 (2006)
- Klein VR., "The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction complicating syphilotherapy in pregnancy", Obstet Gynecol, 75, pp.375~380 (1990)
- Gordon SM., "The response of symptomatic neurosyphilis to high-dose intravenous penicillin G in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection", N Engl J Med, 331, pp.1469~1473 (1994)
- Marra CM., "Resolution of serum and cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities after treatment of neurosyphilis. Influence of concomitant human immunodeficiency virus infection", Sex Transm Dis, 23, pp.184~189 (1996)
- Flanigan T., "Cryptosporidium infection and CD4 counts", Ann Intern Med, 116, pp.840~842 (1992)
- DeHovitz JA., "Clinical manifestations and therapy of Isospora belli infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome", N Engl J Med, 315, pp.87~90 (1986)
- Lindsay DS., "Biology of Isospora spp. from humans, nonhuman primates, and domestic animals", Clin Microbiol Rev, 10, pp.19~34 (1997)
- Choi HJ., "The gastrointes tinal infections in Korean patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection", Korean J Gastroenterol, 33, pp.482~488 (1999)
- 국상미, "Parasitic infections in HIV-infected patients who visited Seoul National University Hospital during the period 1995-2003", The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 43(1), pp.1~12 (2005), 대한기생충학회
- Jong-Kyu Lee, "A Hospital-Based Serological Survey of Cryptosporidiosis in the Republic of Korea", The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 47(3), pp.219~225 (2009), 대한기생충학회
- Goodgame RW., "Understanding intestinal spore-forming protozoa : cryptosporidia, microsporidia, isospora, and cyclospora", Ann Intern Med, 124, pp.429~441 (1996)
- Pape JW., "Treatment and prophylaxis of Isospora belli infection in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome", N Engl J Med, 320, pp.1044~1047 (1989)
- Weber R., "Threshold of detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in human stool specimens : evidence for low sensitivity of current diagnostic methods", J Clin Microbiol, 29, pp.1323~1327 (1991)
- Bialek R., "Comparison of autofluorescence and iodine staining for detection of Isospora belli in feces", Am J Trop Med Hyg, 67, pp.304~305 (2002)
- Miao YM., "Eradication of cryptosporidia and microsporidia following successful antiretroviral therapy", J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 25, pp.124~129 (2000)
- Rossignol JF., "A double-'blind' placebo-controlled study of nitazoxanide in the treatment of cryptosporidial diarrhoea in AIDS patients in Mexico", Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 92, pp.663~666 (1998)
- Guerrant RL., "Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea", Clin Infect Dis, 32, pp.331~351 (2001)
- Verdier RI., "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with ciprofloxacin for treatment and prophylaxis of Isospora belli and Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in HIV-infected patients. A randomized, controlled trial", Ann Intern Med, 132, pp.885~888 (2000)
- Arribas JR., "Cytomegalovirus encephalitis", Ann Intern Med, 125, pp.577~587 (1996)
- Dieterich DT., "Cytomegalovirus colitis in AIDS: presentation in 44 patients and a review of the literature", J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 4(Suppl 1), pp.S29~S35 (1991)
- Jabs DA., "Characteristics of patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy", Am J Ophthalmol, 133, pp.48~61 (2002)
- Jabs DA., "Course of cytomegalovirus retinitis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy : 2. Second eye involvement and retinal detachment", Ophthalmology, 111, pp.2232~2239 (2004)
- Arribas JR., "Level of cytomegalovirus(CMV)DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of subjects with AIDS and CMV infection of the central nervous system", J Infect Dis, 172, pp.527~531 (1995)
- Deayton JR., "Importance of cytomegalovirus viraemia in risk of disease progression and death in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy", Lancet, 363, pp.2116~2121 (2004)
- Rodriguez-Barradas MC., "Diagnosing and treating cytomegalovirus pneumonia in patients with AIDS", Clin Infect Dis, 23, pp.76~81 (1996)
- Wolf DG., "Diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus central nervous system disease in AIDS patients by DNA amplification from cerebrospinal fluid", J Infect Dis, 166, pp.1412~1415 (1992)
- Dodt KK., "Development of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease may be predicted in HIV-infected patients by CMV polymerase chain reaction and the anti genemia test", AIDS, 11, pp.F21~F28 (1997)
- Zurlo JJ., "Lack of clinical utility of cytomegalovirus blood and urine cultures in patients with HIV infection", Ann Intern Med, 118, pp.12~17 (1993)
- Holland GN., "AIDS and ophthalmology : the first quarter century", Am J Ophthalmol, 145, pp.397~408 (2008)
- Anonymous., "Foscarnet-Ganciclovir Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Trial. 4. Visual outcomes. Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group in collaboration with the AIDS Clinical Trials Group", Ophthalmology, 101, pp.1250~1261 (1994)
- Musch DC., "Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with a sustainedrelease ganciclovir implant. The Ganciclovir Implant Study Group", N Engl J Med, 337, pp.83~90 (1997)
- Martin DF., "A controlled trial of valganciclovir as induction therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis", N Engl J Med, 346, pp.1119~1126 (2002)
- Kempen JH., "Risk of vision loss in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome", Arch Ophthalmol, 121, pp.466~476 (2003)
- Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group, "The AIDS Clinical Trials Group. The ganciclovir implant plus oral ganciclovir versus parenteral cidofovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome : The Ganciclovir Cidofovir Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Trial", Am J Ophthalmol, 131, pp.457~467 (2001)
- Kosobucki BR., "Valganciclovir therapy for immune recovery uveitis complicated by macular edema", Am J Ophthalmol, 137, pp.636~638 (2004)
- Jabs DA., "BW B759U for cytomegalovirus retinitis : intraocular drug penetration", Arch Ophthalmol, 104, pp.1436~1437 (1986)
- Marx JL., "Use of the ganciclovir implant in the treatment of recurrent cytomegalovirus retinitis", Arch Ophthalmol, 114, pp.815~820 (1996)
- Hatton MP., "Treatment of relapsed cytomegalovirus retinitis with the sustained-release ganciclovir implant", Retina, 18, pp.50~55 (1998)
- Anonymous., "Combination foscarnet and ganciclovir therapy vs monotherapy for the treatment of relapsed cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. The Cytomegalovirus Retreatment Trial. The Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group in Collaboration with the AIDS Clinical Trials Group", Arch Ophthalmol, 114, pp.23~33 (1996)
- Jabs DA., "Detection of ganciclovir resistance in patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus retinitis : correlation of genotypic methods with viral phenotype and clinical outcome", J Infect Dis, 193, pp.1728~1737 (2006)
- Martin DF., "Oral ganciclovir for patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis treated with a ganciclovir implant. Roche Ganciclovir Study Group", N Engl J Med, 340, pp.1063~1070 (1999)
- Tural C., "Long-lasting remission of cytomegalovirus retinitis without maintenance therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients", J Infect Dis, 177, pp.1080~1083 (1998)
- Vrabec TR., "Discontinuation of maintenance therapy in patients with quiescent cytomegalovirus retinitis and elevated CD4+ counts", Ophthalmology, 105, pp.1259~1264 (1998)
- Macdonald JC., "Lack of reactivation of cytomegalovirus(CMV)retinitis after stopping CMV maintenance therapy in AIDS patients with sustained elevations in CD4 T cells in response to highly active antiretroviral therapy", J Infect Dis, 177, pp.1182~1187 (1998)
- Whitcup SM., "Discontinuation of anticytomegalovirus therapy in patients with HIV infection and cytomegalovirus retinitis", JAMA, 282, pp.1633~1637 (1999)
- Jabs DA., "Discontinuing anticytomegalovirus therapy in patients with immune reconstitution after combination antiretroviral therapy", Am J Ophthalmol, 126, pp.817~822 (1998)
- Torriani FJ., "CMV retinitis recurs after stopping treatment in virological and immunological failures of potent antiretroviral therapy", AIDS, 14, pp.173~180 (2000)
- Walmsley SL., "Longterm follow-up of a cohort of HIV-infected patients who discontinued maintenance therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis", HIV Clin Trials, 7, pp.1~9 (2006)
- Corey L., "Genital herpes simplex virus infections : clinical manifestations, course, and complications", Ann Intern Med, 98, pp.958~972 (1983)
- Safrin S., "Correlation between response to acyclovir and foscarnet therapy and in vitro susceptibility result for isolates of herpes simplex virus from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients", Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 38, pp.1246~1250 (1994)
- Meyers JD., "Multicenter collaborative trial of intravenous acyclovir for treatment of mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection in the immunocompromised host", Am J Med, 73, pp.229~235 (1982)
- Gerber S., "Screening for infectious diseases", Childs Nerv Syst, 19, pp.429~432 (2003)
- Sheffield JS., "Acyclovir prophylaxis to prevent herpes simplex virus recurrence at delivery : a systematic review", Obstet Gynecol, 102, pp.1396~1403 (2003)
- Balfour HH Jr., "Antiviral drugs", N Engl J Med, 340, pp.1255~1268 (1999)
- Safrin S., "A controlled trial comparing foscarnet with vidarabine for acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group", N Engl J Med, 325, pp.551~555 (1991)
- DeJesus E., "Valacyclovir for the suppression of recurrent genital herpes in human immunodeficiency virusinfected subjects", J Infect Dis, 188, pp.1009~1016 (2003)
- Schacker T., "Famciclovir for the suppression of symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes simplex virus reactivation in HIV-infected persons. A doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial", Ann Intern Med, 128, pp.21~28 (1998)
- Conant MA., "Valaciclovir versus aciclovir for herpes simplex virus infection in HIV-infected individuals : two randomized trials", Int J STD AIDS, 13, pp.12~21 (2002)
- Wald A., "Knowledge of partners' genital herpes protects against herpes simplex virus type 2 acquisition", J Infect Dis, 194, pp.42~52 (2006)
- Wald A., "The relationship between condom use and herpes simplex virus acquisition", Ann Intern Med, 143, pp.707~713 (2005)
- 최영주, "국내 노인 대상포진 환자에서 분리된 수두대상포진 바이러스의 유전형", Infection and Chemotherapy, 42(3), pp.162~170 (2010), 대한감염학회
- Choi WS., "Seroprevalence of varicella-zoster virus in Korea", J Med Virol, 82, pp.2123~2126 (2010)
- Buchbinder SP., "Herpes zoster and human immunodeficiency virus infection", J Infect Dis, 166, pp.1153~1156 (1992)
- Engels EA., "Zoster incidence in human immunodeficiency virus-infected hemophiliacs and homosexual men, 1984-1997. District of Columbia Gay Cohort Study. Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study", J Infect Dis, 180, pp.1784~1789 (1999)
- Vanhems P., "The incidence of herpes zoster is less likely than other opportunistic infections to be reduced by highly active antiretroviral therapy", J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 38, pp.111~113 (2005)
- Domingo P., "Herpes zoster as an immune reconstitution disease after initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection", Am J Med, 110, pp.605~609 (2001)
- Martínez E., "High incidence of herpes zoster in patients with AIDS soon after therapy with protease inhibitors", Clin Infect Dis, 27, pp.1510~1513 (1998)
- Wallace MR., "Varicella immunity and clinical disease in HIV-infected adults", South Med J, 87, pp.74~76 (1994)
- Gebo KA., "The incidence of, risk factors for, and sequelae of herpes zoster among HIV patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era", J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 40, pp.169~174 (2005)
- Gnann JW Jr., "Sorivudine versus acyclovir for treatment of dermatomal herpes zoster in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients : results from a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Collaborative Antiviral Study Group", AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Herpes Zoster Study Group, 1998, pp.42, 1139~1145
- Harrison RA., "A mixed model for factors predictive of pain in AIDS patients with herpes zoster", J Pain Symptom Manage, 17, pp.410~417 (1999)
- Veenstra J., "Complications of varicella zoster virus reactivation in HIV-infected homosexual men", AIDS, 10, pp.393~399 (1996)
- Engstrom RE Jr., "The progressive outer retinal necrosis syndrome. A variant of necrotizing herpetic retinopathy in patients with AIDS", Ophthalmology, 101, pp.1488~1502 (1994)
- Whitley RJ., "Varicella-Zoster Virus, In Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed", pp.11963~11969 (2009), Churchill Livingstone
- Arvin AM., "Antiviral therapy for varicella and herpes zoster", Semin Pediatr Infect Dis, 13, pp.12~21 (2002)
- Prober CG., "Acyclovir therapy of chickenpox in immunosuppressed children--a collaborative study", J Pediatr, 101, pp.622~625 (1982)
- Carcao MD., "Sequential use of intravenous and oral acyclovir in the therapy of varicella in immunocompromised children", Pediatr Infect Dis J, 17, pp.626~631 (1998)
- Balfour HH Jr., "Acyclovir halts progression of herpes zoster in immunocompromised patients", N Engl J Med, 308, pp.1448~1453 (1983)
- Breton G., "Acyclovir-resistant herpes zoster in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients : results of foscarnet therapy", Clin Infect Dis, 27, pp.1525~1527 (1998)
- Levin MJ., "Administration of live varicella vaccine to HIV-infected children with current or past significant depression of CD4(+)T cells", J Infect Dis, 194, pp.247~255 (2006)
- Weber T., "Analysis of the systemic and intrathecal humoral immune response in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy", J Infect Dis, 176, pp.250~254 (1997)
- García-Suárez J., "Changes in the natural history of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV-negative lymphoproliferative disorders : impact of novel therapies", Am J Hematol, 80, pp.271~281 (2005)
- Lang W., "Neuropathology of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) : a report of 135 consecutive autopsy cases from Switzerland", Acta Neuropathol, 77, pp.379~390 (1989)
- d'Arminio Monforte A., "Changing incidence of central nervous system diseases in the EuroSIDA cohort", Ann Neurol, 55, pp.320~328 (2004)
- Cinque P., "The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy-induced immune reconstitution on development and outcome of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: study of 43 cases with review of the literature", J Neurovirol, 9(Suppl 1), pp.73~80 (2003)
- Du Pasquier RA., "Inflammatory reaction in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: harmful or beneficial?", J Neurovirol, 9(Suppl 1), pp.25~31 (2003)
- Engsig FN., "Incidence, clinical presentation, and outcome of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV-infected patients during the highly active antiretroviral therapy era : a nationwide cohort study", J Infect Dis, 199, pp.77~83 (2009)
- Zunt JR., "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy presenting as human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV)-associated dementia", Neurology, 49, pp.263~265 (1997)
- Lima MA., "Seizures and their outcome in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy", Neurology, 66, pp.262~264 (2006)
- Koralnik IJ., "JC virus DNA load in patients with and without progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy", Neurology, 52, pp.253~260 (1999)
- Bossolasco S., "Prognostic significance of JC virus DNA levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HIV-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy", Clin Infect Dis, 40, pp.738~744 (2005)
- Berenguer J., "Clinical course and prognostic factors of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy", Clin Infect Dis, 36, pp.1047~1052 (2003)
- Antinori A., "Clinical epidemiology and survival of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: data from the Italian Registry Investigative Neuro AIDS (IRINA)", J Neurovirol, 9(Suppl 1), pp.47~53 (2003)
- Vendrely A., "Fulminant inflammatory leukoencephalopathy associated with HAART-induced immune restoration in AIDSrelated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy", Acta Neuropathol, 109, pp.449~455 (2005)
- Cinque P., "The good and evil of HAART in HIV-related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy", J Neurovirol, 7, pp.358~363 (2001)
- Gao SJ., "Seroconversion to antibodies against Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-related latent nuclear antigens before the development of Kaposi's sarcoma", N Engl J Med, 335, pp.233~241 (1996)
- Lennette ET., "Antibodies to human herpesvirus type 8 in the general population and in Kaposi's sarcoma patients", Lancet, 348, pp.858~861 (1996)
- Oksenhendler E., "High levels of human herpesvirus 8 viral load, human interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and C reactive protein correlate with exacerbation of multicentric castleman disease in HIV-infected patients", Blood, 96, pp.2069~2073 (2000)
- Casper C., "Frequent and asymptomatic oropharyngeal shedding of human herpesvirus 8 among immunocompetent men", J Infect Dis, 195, pp.30~36 (2007)
- Andreoni M., "Primary human herpesvirus 8 infection in immunocompetent children", JAMA, 287, pp.1295~1300 (2002)
- Luppi M., "Bone marrow failure associated with human herpesvirus 8 infection after transplantation", N Engl J Med, 343, pp.1378~1385 (2000)
- Casper C., "The aetiology and management of Castleman disease at 50 years : translating pathophysiology to patient care", Br J Haematol, 129, pp.3~17 (2005)
- Casper C., "HIV infection and human herpesvirus-8 oral shedding among men who have sex with men", J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 35, pp.233~238 (2004)
- Pauk J., "Mucosal shedding of human herpesvirus 8 in men", N Engl J Med, 343, pp.1369~1377 (2000)
- Casper C., "Remission of HHV-8 and HIV-associated multicentric Castleman disease with ganciclovir treatment", Blood, 103, pp.1632~1634 (2004)
- Aboulafia DM., "Interleukin-2, ganciclovir, and high-dose zidovudine for the treatment of AIDS-associated primary central nervous system lymphoma", Clin Infect Dis, 34, pp.1660~1662 (2002)
- Crum-Cianflone NF., "Successful secondary prophylaxis for primary effusion lymphoma with human herpesvirus 8 therapy", AIDS, 20, pp.1567~1569 (2006)
- Marcelin AG., "Rituximab therapy for HIV-associated Castleman disease", Blood, 102, pp.2786~2788 (2003)
- Bosch FX., "Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer : a worldwide perspective. International biological study on cervical cancer(IBSCC)Study Group", J Natl Cancer Inst, 87, pp.796~802 (1995)
- Cogliano V., "Carcinogenicity of human papillomaviruses", Lancet Oncol, 6, pp.204~ (2005)
- Muñoz N., "Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer", N Engl J Med, 348, pp.518~527 (2003)
- Greer CE., "Human papillomavirus(HPV)type distribution and serological response to HPV type 6 virus-like particles in patients with genital warts", J Clin Microbiol, 33, pp.2058~2063 (1995)
- Hai-Rim Shin, "National Cancer Incidence for the Year 2002 in Korea", Cancer Research and Treatment, 39(4), pp.139~149 (2007), 대한암학회
- Frisch M., "Human papillomavirusassociated cancers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome", J Natl Cancer Inst, 92, pp.1500~1510 (2000)
- D'Souza G., "Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer", N Engl J Med, 356, pp.1944~1956 (2007)
- Frisch M., "Association of cancer with AIDSrelated immunosuppression in adults", JAMA, 285, pp.1736~1745 (2001)
- Palefsky JM., "Anal intraepithelial neoplasia in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era among HIV-positive men who have sex with men", AIDS, 19, pp.1407~1414 (2005)
- Heard I., "The impact of HIV antiviral therapy on human papillomavirus(HPV)infections and HPV-related diseases", Antivir Ther, 9, pp.13~22 (2004)
- Piketty C., "High prevalence of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-positive men despite the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy", Sex Transm Dis, 31, pp.96~99 (2004)
- Judson PL., "Trends in the incidence of invasive and in situ vulvar carcinoma", Obstet Gynecol, 107, pp.1018~1022 (2006)
- Saraiya M., "Cervical cancer incidence in a prevaccine era in the United States, 1998-2002", Obstet Gynecol, 109, pp.360~370 (2007)
- Winer RL., "Condom use and the risk of genital human papillomavirus infection in young women", N Engl J Med, 354, pp.2645~2654 (2006)
- Chin-Hong PV., "Human papillomavirus anogenital disease in HIV-infected individuals", Dermatol Ther, 18, pp.67~76 (2005)
- Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, "Recommended adult immunization schedule : United States, 2010", Ann Intern Med, 152, pp.36~39 (2010)
- Spach DH., "I Immunizations for HIV-infected adults : indications, timing, and response", Top HIV Med, 14, pp.154~158 (2006)
- Rousseau MC., "Vaccination and HIV : a review of the literature", Vaccine, 18, pp.825~831 (1999)
- Lin JC., "Excess mortality due to pneumonia or influenza during influenza seasons among persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome", Arch Intern Med, 161, pp.441~446 (2001)
- Tasker SA., "Efficacy of influenza vaccination in HIV-infected persons. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", Ann Intern Med, 131, pp.430~433 (1999)
- Flannery B., "Changes in invasive Pneumococcal disease among HIV-infected adults living in the era of childhood pneumococcal immunization", Ann Intern Med, 144, pp.1~9 (2006)
- Fonseca MO., "Randomized trial of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in HIV-infected adult patients comparing a standard dose to a double dose", Vaccine, 23, pp.2902~2908 (2005)
- Cohen C., "Respiratory and Meningeal disease Surveillance in South Africa(GERMS-SA). Increased incidence of meningococcal disease in HIV-infected individuals associated with higher case-fatality ratios in South Africa", AIDS, 24, pp.1351~1360 (2010)
