Dietary Exogenous α-Amylase Modulates the Nutrient Digestibility, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Growth-Related Gene Expression, and Diet Degradation Rate of Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
2
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
In this study, a 12-week feeding experiment was conducted to characterize the effects of exogenous α-amylase on the growth, feed utilization, digestibility, plasma α-amylase activity, feed degradation rate, and fecal particle size of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Diet was supplemented with 0 (AA0; control), 100 (AA100), 200 (AA200), or 400 (AA400) mg/kg of α-amylase, respectively. Fish (273.1 ± 2.3 g) were stocked into 12 tanks (25 fish/1,000-L tank) and 3 tanks were randomly selected for each diet group. As a result, α-amylase was found to have no significant effects (p ≥ 0.05) on the growth, feed utilization parameters, and whole-body proximate compositions. α-Amylase-treated fish exhibited only a significant increase in the apparent digestibility coefficient of carbohydrates compared to the controls. In addition, in vitro analyses revealed that α-amylase dose-dependently increased (p < 0.05) the feed degradation rate, while photographs of the intestinal content after 2, 4, and 8 h of feeding demonstrated an improved degradation rate in the α-amylase-treated groups. Plasma α-amylase content was higher in the AA200 and AA400 groups, whereas the control group produced significantly larger-sized fecal particles (90% size class) than these two groups. In the intestine, no changes were observed in the expression levels of the immune-related TNF-α, IL-1β, IL2, immunoglobulin-M, HSP-70, lysozyme, and amylase alpha-2A. However, growth-related genes IGF-1, IGF-2, TGF-β3, and growth hormone genes were upregulated in muscle tissues. Collectively, exogenous α-amylase has positive roles in the modulation of the digestibility coefficient, blood αamylase concentration, growth-related gene expression, and diet degradation for improved digestion in olive flounder.
Abstract
In this study, a 12-week feeding experiment was conducted to characterize the effects of exogenous α-amylase on the growth, feed utilization, digestibility, plasma α-amylase activity, feed degradation rate, and fecal particle size of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Diet was supplemented with 0 (AA0; control), 100 (AA100), 200 (AA200), or 400 (AA400) mg/kg of α-amylase, respectively. Fish (273.1 ± 2.3 g) were stocked into 12 tanks (25 fish/1,000-L tank) and 3 tanks were randomly selected for each diet group. As a result, α-amylase was found to have no significant effects (p ≥ 0.05) on the growth, feed utilization parameters, and whole-body proximate compositions. α-Amylase-treated fish exhibited only a significant increase in the apparent digestibility coefficient of carbohydrates compared to the controls. In addition, in vitro analyses revealed that α-amylase dose-dependently increased (p < 0.05) the feed degradation rate, while photographs of the intestinal content after 2, 4, and 8 h of feeding demonstrated an improved degradation rate in the α-amylase-treated groups. Plasma α-amylase content was higher in the AA200 and AA400 groups, whereas the control group produced significantly larger-sized fecal particles (90% size class) than these two groups. In the intestine, no changes were observed in the expression levels of the immune-related TNF-α, IL-1β, IL2, immunoglobulin-M, HSP-70, lysozyme, and amylase alpha-2A. However, growth-related genes IGF-1, IGF-2, TGF-β3, and growth hormone genes were upregulated in muscle tissues. Collectively, exogenous α-amylase has positive roles in the modulation of the digestibility coefficient, blood αamylase concentration, growth-related gene expression, and diet degradation for improved digestion in olive flounder.
참고문헌 (59)
- "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture-Species Fact Sheets—Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)" (2021)[URL]
- "FishStatJ—FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Software" (2020)[URL]
- Suresh S, "Carbohydrate characterization of the cassava varieties (co5 and h226)", J. Dairy. Food Home Sci, 30, pp.53~57 (2011)
- Stone DAJ, "Carbohydrate utilization by juvenile silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell). III. The protein‐sparing effect of wheat starch‐based carbohydrates", Aquac. Res, 34, pp.123~134 (2003)
- Wilson RP, "Utilization of dietary carbohydrate by fish", Aquaculture, 124, pp.67~80 (1994)
- Kumar S, "Enzymes in human and animal nutrition", pp.163~180 (2018), Elsevier
- Zhao W, "Effects of dietary carbohydrate levels on growth performance, body composition, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and liver morphology in Oncorhynchus mykiss under cage culture with flowing freshwater", Aqua. Nut, 2022, pp.7820017~ (2022)
- Farhangi M, "Effect of enzyme supplementation to dehulled lupin‐based diets on growth, feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility and carcass composition of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)", Aquac. Res, 38, pp.1274~1282 (2007)
- Takeuchi T, "Availability of extruded carbohydrate ingredients to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and carp Cyprinus carpio", Bul. Japanese Soc, 56, pp.1839~1845 (1990)
- Qu H, "Effects of dietary carbohydrate on growth, feed utilization, hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in endangered Yangtze sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus)", Aquac. Rep, 26, pp.101334~ (2022)
- Vásquez-Torres W, "Effect of dietary carbohydrates and lipids on growth in cachama (Piaractus brachypomus)", Aquac. Res, 44, pp.1768~1776 (2013)
- Cowieson AJ, "Evolving enzyme technology: impact on commercial poultry nutrition", Nutr. Res. Rev, 19, pp.90~103 (2006)
- Dalsgaard J, "Effects of exogenous enzymes on apparent nutrient digestibility in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets with high inclusion of plant-based protein", Anim. Feed Sci. Technol, 171, pp.181~191 (2012)
- Jiang TT, "Effects of exogenous xylanase supplementation in plant protein‐enriched diets on growth performance, intestinal enzyme activities and microflora of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)", Aquac. Nutr, 20, pp.632~645 (2014)
- Adeola O, "Board-invited review: opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve nonruminant animal production", J. Anim. Sci, 89, pp.3189~3218 (2011)
- Liang Q, "Application of enzymes as a feed additive in aquaculture", Mar. Life. Sci. Technol, 4, pp.208~221 (2022)
- "Global animal feed enzymes market growth 2022–2028" (2022)[URL]
- Upreti A, "Evaluation of α-amylase, lipase inhibition and in-vivo pharmacological activities of Eucalyptus camaladulensis Dehnh leaf extract", J. Trad Complement. Med, 9, pp.312~318 (2019)
- Kumar S, "Modulation of key metabolic enzyme of Labeo rohita (Hamilton)juvenile: effect of dietary starch type, protein level and exogenous α-amylase in the diet", Fish Physiol. Biochem, 35, pp.301~315 (2009)
- Goda AMA, "Effect of using baker's yeast and exogenous digestive enzymes as growth promoters on growth, feed utilization and hematological indices of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings", J. Agri. Sci. Tech. B, 2, pp.15~28 (2012)
- Zamini A, "Effects of two dietary exogenous multi-enzyme supplementation, Natuzyme® and betamannanase (Hemicell®), on growth and blood parameters of Caspian salmon (Salmo trutta caspius)", Comp. Clin. Pathol, 23, pp.187~192 (2014)
- Yildirim YB, "Effects of exogenous enzyme supplementation in diets on growth and feed utilization in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus", J. Anim. Vet. Adv, 9, pp.327~331 (2010)
- Zhou Y, "Enhancement of growth and intestinal flora in grass carp: the effect of exogenous cellulase", Aquaculture, 416-417, pp.1~7 (2013)
- Yigit NO, "Effects of cellulase addition to canola meal in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) diets", Aquac. Nutr, 17, pp.494~500 (2011)
- Ogunkoya AE, "Dietary incorporation of soybean meal and exogenous enzyme cocktail can affect physical characteristics of faecal material egested by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)", Aquaculture, 254, pp.466~475 (2006)
- Association of Official Analytical Chemists, "Official Methods of Analysis, sixteenth ed", ~ (1995)
- Bureau DP, "Apparent digestibility of rendered animal protein ingredients for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)", Aquaculture, 180, pp.345~358 (1999)
- Azarfar A, "Effects of washing procedure, particle size and dilution on the distribution between non‐washable, insoluble washable and soluble washable fractions in concentrate ingredients", J. Sci. Food Agric, 87, pp.2390~2398 (2007)
- Hasan MT, "Heat killed Bacillus sp. SJ-10 probiotic acts as a growth and humoral innate immunity response enhancer in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)", Fish Shellfish Immunol, 88, pp.424~431 (2019)
- Jang WJ, "Characterization of a Bacillus sp. KRF-7 isolated from the intestine of rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) and effects of dietary supplementation in the aquaculture industry", Fish Shellfish Immunol, 119, pp.182~192 (2021)
- Ai Q, "Effects of exogenous enzymes (phytase, non-starch polysaccharide enzyme)in diets on growth, feed utilization, nitrogen and phosphorus excretion of Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus", Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 147, pp.502~508 (2007)
- Deguara S, "Growth and feed utilization of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, fed diets with supplementary enzymes. Feed Manufacturing in the Mediterranean Region: Recent Advances in Research and Technology (Ed. J. Brufau and A. Tacon)", CIHEAM, 1999, pp.37, 195~215
- Vielma J, "Influence of dietary soy and phytase levels on performance and body composition of large rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and algal availability of phosphorus load", Aquaculture, 183, pp.349~362 (2000)
- Carter CG, "Growth and feed utilization efficiencies of seawater Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L, fed a diet containing supplementary enzymes", Aquac. Res, 25, pp.37~46 (1994)
- Sajjadi M, "Dietary phytase supplementation and the utilisation of phosphorus by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)fed a canola-meal-based diet", Aquaculture, 240, pp.417~431 (2004)
- Lin S, "Effects of exogenous enzyme supplementation in diets on growth and feed utilization in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus", Aquac. Res, 38, pp.1645~1653 (2007)
- Ng WK, "The nutritive value of palm kernel and the effect of enzyme supplementation in practical diets for red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp)", Asian Fish. Sci, 15, pp.167~176 (2002)
- Kumar S, "Studies on digestibility and digestive enzyme activities in Labeo rohita (Hamilton) juveniles: effect of microbial α-amylase supplementation in non-gelatinized or gelatinized corn-based diet at two protein levels", Fish Physiol. Biochem, 32, pp.209~220 (2006)
- Liu QZ, "Inhibition of starch digestion: the role of hydrophobic domain of both α-amylase and substrates", Food Chem, 341, pp.28211~ (2021)
- Khalil M, "Growth responses of striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) to exogenous enzyme added feed", Pakistan J. Zool, 50, pp.685~693 (2018)
- Hassaan MS, "Exogenous xylanase improves growth, protein digestibility and digestive enzymes activities in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fed different ratios of fish meal to sunflower meal", Aquac. Nutr, 25, pp.841~853 (2019)
- Onderci M, "Efficacy of supplementation of α-amylase-producing bacterial culture on the performance, nutrient use, and gut morphology of broiler chickens fed a corn-based diet", Poult. Sci, 85, pp.505~510 (2006)
- Mahagna M, "Effect of age and exogenous amylase and protease on development of the digestive tract, pancreatic enzyme activities and digestibility of nutrients in young meat-type chicks", Reprod. Nutr. Dev, 35, pp.201~212 (1995)
- Hasan MT, "Dietary supplementation of Bacillus sp. SJ-10 and Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11322 combinations enhance growth and cellular and humoral immunity in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)", Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins, 13, pp.1277~1291 (2021)
- Jang WJ, "Effects of probiotic supplementation of a plant-based protein diet on intestinal microbial diversity, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal structure, and immunity in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)", Fish Shellfish Immunol, 92, pp.719~727 (2019)
- Seo BS, "Effects of decreasing fishmeal as main source of protein on growth, digestive physiology, and gut microbiota of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)", Animals, 12, pp.2043~ (2022)
- Castillo S, "Dietary supplementation of exogenous carbohydrase enzymes in fish nutrition: a review", Aquaculture, 435, pp.286~292 (2015)
- Mahr K, "Histological and physiological development of the stomach in Coregonus sp", Arch. Hyd-robiol, 98, pp.344~353 (1983)
- Reindl KM, "Growth hormone-stimulated insulin-like growth factor-1 expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes is mediated by ERK, PI3K-AKT, and JAK-STAT", Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol, 301, pp.236~243 (2011)
- Cao YB, "Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor of naked carp (Gymnocypris przewalskii) in Lake Qinghai: expression in different water environments", Gen. Comp. Endocrinol, 161, pp.400~406 (2009)
- Funkenstein B, "Identification of a novel transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β6) gene in fish: regulation in skeletal muscle by nutritional state", BMC Mol. Biol, 11, pp.37~ (2010)
- Hassaan MS, "Partial dietary fish meal replacement with cotton seed meal and supplementation with exogenous protease alters growth, feed performance, hematological indices and associated gene expression markers (GH, IGF-I) for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus", Aquaculture, 503, pp.282~292 (2019)
- Shi X, "Effect of fish meal replacement by Chlorella meal with dietary cellulase addition on growth performance, digestive enzymatic activities, histology and myogenic genes’ expression for crucian carp Carassius auratus", Aquac. Res, 48, pp.3244~3256 (2017)
- Brinker A, "Guar gum in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) feed: The influence of quality and dose on stabilisation of faecal solids", Aquaculture, 267, pp.315~327 (2007)
- Khorrami B, "Variations in fecal pH and fecal particle size due to changes in dietary starch: Their potential as an on-farm tool for assessing the risk of ruminal acidosis in dairy cattle", Res. Vet. Sci, 152, pp.678~686 (2022)
- Amirkolaie AK, "Effect of gelatinization degree and inclusion level of dietary starch on the characteristics of digesta and faeces in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus (L.))", Aquaculture, 260, pp.194~205 (2006)
- do Carmo Gominho-Rosa M, "Comparison between the omnivorous jundiá catfish (Rhamdia quelen) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on the utilization of dietary starch sources:Digestibility, enzyme activity and starch microstructure", Aquaculture, 435, pp.92~99 (2015)
- Welker TL, "Effect of soy protein products and gum inclusion in feed on fecal particle size profile of rainbow trout", Aquac. J, 1, pp.14~25 (2021)
- Soltan MA, "Effect of dietary fish meal replacement by poultry by-product meal with different grain source and enzyme supplementation on performance, feces recovery, body composition and nutrient balance of Nile tilapia", Pak. J. Nutr, 8, pp.395~407 (2009)
