소비자의 식품선택에 대한 영양표시 이용의 효과 분석
Effect of Nutrition Labeling Use on Consumers’ Food Choices
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초록
사회경제적 수준의 향상으로 소비자의 건강과 식생활에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 이에 따라 많은 나라에서 식품의 포장에 표기한 영양성분표시를 통해 소비자에게 제품의 영양정보를 충분히 알림으로써 소비자가 자신과 가족구성원의 건강에 적합한 제품을 선택하도록 표시정책을 시행하고 있다. 이 논문은 표시를 통하여 소비자에게 식품의 영양성분에 대한 정보를 제공할 때, 정보이용이 소비자로 하여금 건강측면에서 바람직한 식품을 선택하도록 하는가라는 관점에서 우리나라 영양표시제의 효과를 분석하였다. 가공식품을 구매할 때 영양표시정보를 읽을 경우 소비자의 영양소 섭취량이 건강에 유익한 방향으로 변화되었다면 표시제의 효과가 있는 것으로 분석하였다. 분석에는국민건강영양조사 제 4기 1차년도(2007)의 원시자료를 사용하였다. 분석대상 영양소는 영양소와 건강과의 관련성을 고려하여 총에너지, 지방으로부터의 에너지 구성비, 탄수화물로부터의 에너지 구성비, 나트륨, 식이섬유 5가지영양소에 대한 섭취량을 선택하였다. 이 논문에서는 제도시행에 따른 효과를 분석할 때 나타날 수 있는 표본선택의문제(sample selection bias)를 해소하기 위한 효과 측정모형을 사용하였다. 표시제도의 효과분석에 사용된 계량분석모형은 영양표시 사용여부에 대한 프로빗모형과 영양소수요함수로 구성되어 있으며, 최대우도추정법을 사용하여 표시사용과 영양소 섭취(수요) 함수의 파라메타를 동시에 추정하였다. 분석결과에 따르면 영양표시정보는 소비자의 총에너지 섭취량과 나트륨 섭취량을 감소시키는 반면, 지방과 탄수화물로부터의 에너지구성비, 그리고 식이섬유 섭취량에 대해서는 효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 우리나라 가계 식품비의 47.2%가 외식에 지출되고 있으나,2007년 국민건강영양조사에는 외식에 대한 영양표시가 포함되어 있지 않아 외식으로 인한 영양소 섭취가 영양표시제도의 효과를 분석하는데 반영되지 못한 한계점이 있다. 따라서 영양표시제도의 효과가 없다고 단언하기는 어렵다. 영양표시제도의 효과를 제고하기 위해서는 표시제의 활용도를 높이기 위한 소비자교육 및 홍보 강화, 표시내용 및방법의 개선, 외식부문에 대한 영양표시제도의 확대 도입 등이 요구된다.
Abstract
As consumers’ concern about their diet and health has been rising due to the improvement in their socio-economic status, many countries have implemented nutrition labeling policy. The purpose of nutrition labeling policy is to inform consumers of nutritional contents information on food products and thus make them choose food products which are favorable to their health. This paper examined the effect of nutrition labeling on consumers’ choice of food products, by analyzing whether reading food label changes their nutrients intakes toward healthier patterns. We estimated the effect of label use on intakes of five nutrients such as total calorie, calorie ratio from total fat, calorie ratio from carbohydrate, sodium and fiber. Survey data from 2007 Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was utilized in this study. An econometric method, which controls a possible sample selection bias, was used to evaluate the effect of label use on the nutrient intakes. The econometric model consisted of a probit model for consumers’ label use and five nutrient intakes equations, and full maximum likelihood estimation technique was used to simultaneously estimate parameters in both probit label use model and nutrient intake equations. The empirical results are as follows; First, factors influencing consumers’ nutrition label use included age, gender, marital status, education level, household income, perception of dietary guideline, dietary guideline practices, having diseases or not, consumers’ subjective evaluation of their obesity and health status. Second, factors influencing consumers’ nutrient intakes were different across nutrients. Age, gender, regularity of having a meal and frequency of eating out were significantly affecting their nutrient intakes, regardless of types of nutrients. Especially eating out was found to increase intakes of nutrients such as total calorie, calorie ratio from total fat and sodium, but not in the case of fiber intake. Third, reading nutritional information on the label leaded to the decrease in both total calorie and sodium intakes,even though being not much in the magnitude. However, it was not found to have an effect on calorie ratio from fat, calorie ratio from carbohydrate, and fiber intakes. This paper has several conclusions. First, in light of the results of this paper it is likely hard to doubt the effectiveness of nutrient labeling. Based on the Household Income and Expenditure Survey of the Korea National Statistical Office, eating out is accountable for about half of household food expenditure and, as shown in the estimation result of nutrient intakes, it was found to significantly increase total calorie and calorie ratio from total fat. However, nutrient intakes caused by eating out were not taken a consideration into the evaluation of nutrition labeling because nutrient labeling was not introduced into the foodaway- from- home sector. Second, a doubt about the effectiveness of nutrient labeling may be due to the low percentages of consumer’s using label on food shopping. The result of probit model analysis for label use is useful in selecting the target group to increase the ratio of the label use. Finally, policy options for improving the effectiveness of nutrition labeling include consumer education and advertising on the role of nutrition labeling in food products choices, reformation of label on the food packages, and introduction of nutrition labeling in the food-away-fromhome sector.
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