본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

What is the disease burden from childhood and adolescent obesity?: a narrative review

2

조회

0

다운로드

1

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류의학일반

초록

The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity has increased and exacerbated during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, both in Korea and globally. Childhood and adolescent obesity poses significant risks for premature morbidity and mortality. The development of serious comorbidities depends not only on the duration of obesity but also on the age of onset. Obesity in children and adolescents affects almost all organ systems, including the endocrine, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, reproductive, nervous, and immune systems. Obesity in children and adolescents affects growth, cognitive function, and psychosocial interactions during development, in addition to aggravating known adult comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and cancer. Childhood and adolescent obesity are highly associated with increased cardiometabolic risk factors and prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in later life can be considerably decreased by even a small weight loss before the onset of puberty. Childhood and adolescent obesity is a disease that requires treatment and is associated with many comorbidities and disease burdens. Therefore, early detection and therapeutic intervention are crucial.

Abstract

The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity has increased and exacerbated during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, both in Korea and globally. Childhood and adolescent obesity poses significant risks for premature morbidity and mortality. The development of serious comorbidities depends not only on the duration of obesity but also on the age of onset. Obesity in children and adolescents affects almost all organ systems, including the endocrine, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, reproductive, nervous, and immune systems. Obesity in children and adolescents affects growth, cognitive function, and psychosocial interactions during development, in addition to aggravating known adult comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and cancer. Childhood and adolescent obesity are highly associated with increased cardiometabolic risk factors and prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in later life can be considerably decreased by even a small weight loss before the onset of puberty. Childhood and adolescent obesity is a disease that requires treatment and is associated with many comorbidities and disease burdens. Therefore, early detection and therapeutic intervention are crucial.

참고문헌 (73)

  1. Lustig RH, "Obesity I : overview and molecular and biochemical mechanisms", Biochem Pharmacol, 199, pp.115012~ (2022)
  2. Kim JH, "Secular trends in pediatric overweight and obesity in Korea", J Obes Metab Syndr, 29, pp.12~17 (2020)
  3. Park H, "Metabolic complications of obesity in children and adolescents", Clin Exp Pediatr, 67, pp.347~355 (2024)
  4. Takaya J, "Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on the physique of school-age children in Japan", Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 28, pp.124~130 (2023)
  5. Jeong SM, "2023 Obesity Fact Sheet: prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity in adults, adolescents, and children in Korea from 2012 to 2021", J Obes Metab Syndr, 33, pp.27~35 (2024)
  6. Hong YH, "Suggestions for the management of pediatric obesity in Korea", J Korean Med Assoc, 67, pp.306~311 (2024)
  7. Freedman DS, "The relation of childhood BMI to adult adiposity : the Bogalusa Heart Study", Pediatrics, 115, pp.22~27 (2005)
  8. Simmonds M, "Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity : a systematic review and meta-analysis", Obes Rev, 17, pp.95~107 (2016)
  9. Marcus C, "Pediatric obesity-Long-term consequences and effect of weight loss", J Intern Med, 292, pp.870~891 (2022)
  10. Malhotra S, "Adult obesity and its complications : a pediatric disease", Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes, 28, pp.46~54 (2021)
  11. Weihrauch-Blüher S, "Childhood obesity : increased risk for cardiometabolic disease and cancer in adulthood", Metabolism, 92, pp.147~152 (2019)
  12. Horesh A, "Adolescent and childhood obesity and excess morbidity and mortality in young adulthood : a systematic review", Curr Obes Rep, 10, pp.301~310 (2021)
  13. Galic S, "Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ", Mol Cell Endocrinol, 316, pp.129~139 (2010)
  14. Choe SS, "Adipose tissue remodeling: its role in energy metabolism and metabolic disorders", Front Endocrinol(Lausanne), 7, pp.30~ (2016)
  15. Zatterale F, "Chronic adipose tissue inflammation linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes", Front Physiol, 10, pp.1607~ (2019)
  16. Skinner AC, "Cardiometabolic risks and severity of obesity in children and young adults", N Engl J Med, 373, pp.1307~1317 (2015)
  17. Kim JI, "Lipid-overloaded enlarged adipocytes provoke insulin resistance independent of inflammation", Mol Cell Biol, 35, pp.1686~1699 (2015)
  18. Yoo SE, "Increasing prevalence of fasting hyperglycemia in adolescents aged 10-18 years and its relationship with metabolic indicators: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Study (KNHANES), 2007-2018", Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 27, pp.60~68 (2022)
  19. Vigone MC, "Mild hypothyroidism in childhood: who, when, and how should be treated?", J Endocr Soc, 2, pp.1024~1039 (2018)
  20. Lundbäck V, "Thyroid-stimulating hormone, degree of obesity, and metabolic risk markers in a cohort of swedish children with obesity", Horm Res Paediatr, 88, pp.140~146 (2017)
  21. Rotondi M, "Raised serum TSH levels in patients with morbid obesity : is it enough to diagnose subclinical hypothyroidism", Eur J Endocrinol, 160, pp.403~408 (2009)
  22. Baker JL, "Childhood body-mass index and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood", N Engl J Med, 357, pp.2329~2337 (2007)
  23. Wühl E, "Hypertension in childhood obesity", Acta Paediatr, 108, pp.37~43 (2019)
  24. McPhee PG, "Childhood obesity and cardiovascular disease risk : working toward solutions", Can J Cardiol, 36, pp.1352~1361 (2020)
  25. Nadeau KJ, "Childhood obesity and cardiovascular disease : links and prevention strategies", Nat Rev Cardiol, 8, pp.513~525 (2011)
  26. Juonala M, "Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors", N Engl J Med, 365, pp.1876~1885 (2011)
  27. Kim M, "Cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome based on severity of obesity in Korean children and adolescents : data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2018", Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 27, pp.289~299 (2022)
  28. Kim HY, "Temporal trends in the prevalence of metabolically healthy overweight and obesity in Korean youth : data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2019", Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 27, pp.134~141 (2022)
  29. Shulhai AM, "The association between vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome in Ukrainian adolescents with overweight and obesity", Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 27, pp.113~120 (2022)
  30. Anderson EL, "The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents : a systematic review and meta-analysis", PLoS One, 10, pp.e0140908~ (2015)
  31. Shaunak M, "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and childhood obesity", Arch Dis Child, 106, pp.3~8 (2021)
  32. Song K, "Changes in the prevalences of obesity, abdominal obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among Korean children during the COVID-19 outbreak", Yonsei Med J, 64, pp.269~277 (2023)
  33. Eslam M, "Defining paediatric metabolic(dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease : an international expert consensus statement", Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 6, pp.864~873 (2021)
  34. Koebnick C, "Pediatric obesity and gallstone disease", J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 55, pp.328~333 (2012)
  35. Shalitin S, "Associations of obesity with linear growth and puberty", Horm Res Paediatr, 95, pp.120~136 (2022)
  36. Holmgren A, "Pubertal height gain is inversely related to peak BMI in childhood", Pediatr Res, 81, pp.448~454 (2017)
  37. Kim SJ, "2022 Clinical practice guidelines for central precocious puberty of Korean children and adolescents", Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 28, pp.168~177 (2023)
  38. Burt Solorzano CM, "Obesity and the pubertal transition in girls and boys", Reproduction, 140, pp.399~410 (2010)
  39. Lee JM, "Body mass index and timing of pubertal initiation in boys", Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 164, pp.139~144 (2010)
  40. Wang Y, "Is obesity associated with early sexual maturation? A comparison of the association in American boys versus girls", Pediatrics, 110, pp.903~910 (2002)
  41. Song Y, "Association between precocious puberty and obesity risk in children : a systematic review and meta-analysis", Front Pediatr, 11, pp.1226933~ (2023)
  42. Brix N, "Childhood overweight and obesity and timing of puberty in boys and girls : cohort and sibling-matched analyses", Int J Epidemiol, 49, pp.834~844 (2020)
  43. Hunter E, "The effectiveness of weight-loss lifestyle interventions for improving fertility in women and men with overweight or obesity and infertility : a systematic review update of evidence from randomized controlled trials", Obes Rev, 22, pp.e13325~ (2021)
  44. Lindberg L, "Obesity in childhood, socioeconomic status, and completion of 12 or more school years : a prospective cohort study", BMJ Open, 11, pp.e040432~ (2021)
  45. Alosco ML, "Improved memory function two years after bariatric surgery", Obesity(Silver Spring), 22, pp.32~38 (2014)
  46. Smith JD, "Prevention and management of childhood obesity and its psychological and health comorbidities", Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 16, pp.351~378 (2020)
  47. Blasco BV, "Obesity and depression : its prevalence and influence as a prognostic factor : a systematic review", Psychiatry Investig, 17, pp.715~724 (2020)
  48. Kang NR, "An update on mental health problems and cognitive behavioral therapy in pediatric obesity", Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr, 23, pp.15~25 (2020)
  49. Mannan M, "Prospective associations between depression and obesity for adolescent males and females : a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies", PLoS One, 11, pp.e0157240~ (2016)
  50. Quek YH, "Exploring the association between childhood and adolescent obesity and depression : a meta-analysis", Obes Rev, 18, pp.742~754 (2017)
  51. Moradi M, "Association between overweight", obesity with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies, 2022, pp.62, 555~570
  52. O’Hara VM, "The co-occurrence of pediatric obesity and ADHD : an understanding of shared pathophysiology and implications for collaborative management", Curr Obes Rep, 9, pp.451~461 (2020)
  53. Erhart M, "Examining the relationship between attention-deficit", hyperactivity disorder and overweight in children and adolescents, 2012, pp.21, 39~49
  54. Carpaij OA, "The asthma-obesity relationship : underlying mechanisms and treatment implications", Curr Opin Pulm Med, 24, pp.42~49 (2018)
  55. Ng NB, "Screening for obstructive sleep apnea(OSA)in children and adolescents with obesity : a scoping review of national and international pediatric obesity and pediatric OSA management guidelines", Obes Rev, 25, pp.e13712~ (2024)
  56. Lee JH, "Sleep and obesity", Sleep Med Clin, 17, pp.111~116 (2022)
  57. Seo SH, "Association of sleep duration with obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents : a population-based study", Sci Rep, 9, pp.9463~ (2019)
  58. Kwon A, "Characteristic sleep patterns and associated obesity in adolescents", Life(Basel), 12, pp.1316~ (2022)
  59. Choi Y, "Effect of catch-up sleep on obesity in Korean adolescents : a nationwide cross-sectional study", Front Pediatr, 11, pp.1213558~ (2023)
  60. Fintini D, "The bones of children with obesity", Front Endocrinol(Lausanne), 11, pp.200~ (2020)
  61. Kim SJ, "Obese children experience more extremity fractures than nonobese children and are significantly more likely to die from traumatic injuries", Acta Paediatr, 105, pp.1152~1157 (2016)
  62. Pollock NK, "Childhood obesity, bone development, and cardiometabolic risk factors", Mol Cell Endocrinol, 410, pp.52~63 (2015)
  63. Fiamenghi VI, "Vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents with obesity: a meta-analysis", J Pediatr(Rio J), 97, pp.273~279 (2021)
  64. Naganuma J, "Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is associated with obesity and atherogenesis in adolescent boys", Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 27, pp.30~36 (2022)
  65. Karampela I, "Vitamin D and obesity : current evidence and controversies", Curr Obes Rep, 10, pp.162~180 (2021)
  66. Francisco V, "Obesity, fat mass and immune system: role for leptin", Front Physiol, 9, pp.640~ (2018)
  67. de Oliveira Dos Santos AR, "Adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines: crosstalk and metabolic repercussions", Int J Mol Sci, 22, pp.2639~ (2021)
  68. Blaszczak AM, "Adipocytes, innate immunity and obesity: a mini-review", Front Immunol, 12, pp.650768~ (2021)
  69. Versini M, "Obesity in autoimmune diseases : not a passive bystander", Autoimmun Rev, 13, pp.981~1000 (2014)
  70. Knerr I, "The ‘accelerator hypothesis’: relationship between weight, height, body mass index and age at diagnosis in a large cohort of 9,248 German and Austrian children with type 1 diabetes mellitus", Diabetologia, 48, pp.2501~2504 (2005)
  71. Choi HM, "Multifaceted physiological roles of adiponectin in inflammation and diseases", Int J Mol Sci, 21, pp.1219~ (2020)
  72. Weihe P, "Childhood obesity and cancer risk in adulthood", Curr Obes Rep, 9, pp.204~212 (2020)
  73. Kim KN, "Adolescent overweight and obesity and the risk of papillary thyroid cancer in adulthood : a large-scale case-control study", Sci Rep, 10, pp.5000~ (2020)

관련 논문AI추천

The prevalence and prevention strategies of pediatric obesity: a narrative reviewMi Seon Lee영남대학교 의과대학 · Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science2024 · 제41권 제3호Overview of Noncommunicable Diseases in Korean Children and Adolescents: Focus on Obesity and Its Effect on Metabolic Syndrome박혜숙, 이혜아대한예방의학회 · 예방의학회지2013 · 제46권 제4호Cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic syndrome based on severity of obesity in Korean children and adolescents: data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2018Kim Jaehyun, Kim Minseung대한소아내분비학회 · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism2022 · 제27권 제4호The impacts of COVID-19 on childhood obesity: prevalence, contributing factors, and implications for management전종근, Kim Minji, Kim Min-Ji, Yoon Ju Young, Yoo Sukdong대한소아내분비학회 · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism2024 · 제29권 제3호Temporal trends in the prevalence of metabolically healthy overweight and obesity in Korean youth: data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2019Kim Hwa Young, Kim Jae Hyun대한소아내분비학회 · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism2022 · 제27권 제2호Changes in the Prevalences of Obesity, Abdominal Obesity, and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among Korean Children during the COVID-19 Outbreak권아름, 김수진, 김호성, 서정환, 송경철, 양주연, 이명섭, 이혜선, 채현욱연세대학교의과대학 · Yonsei Medical Journal2023 · 제64권 제4호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (12건)