한국의 대 중국 해외직접투자에 대한 동기 및 결정요소에 관한 연구 1997년 외환위기 전후를 중심으로
A Study on the Motivations and Determinants of Korea's Foreign Direct Investment in China: Focusing on before and after the 1997 Financial Crisis
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본 연구는 한국의 대 중국 해외직접투자(FDI)에 관해 다루고자 한다. 한국의 대 중국 해외직접투자의 형태를 기초로 하여 우리는 한국기업의 해외직접투자의 동기와 요건 등을 검토하였다. 특별히 우리는 한국의 대 중국 직접투자의 행태가 1997년 전후 어떻게 변하였는지에 관심을 두었다. 연구결과 우리는 Behrman과 Dunning의 분류법에 기초하여, 한국이 노동력과 신규시장개척에 중점을 둔 대 중국 FDI를 한 것으로 결론지었다. 중국은 한국의 대 해외직접투자국으로써 큰 시장과 경제성장력 등 잠재적 능력을 가지고 있었다. 1997년 외환위기 이전에는, 한국의 해외직접투자의 요건은 임금상승과 노사간의 갈등, 수출중심정책, 주요수출국과의 무역마찰, 고평가 된 한국 원화환율 및 첨단기술의 보유 등이 방출요인(Push factor)으로 작용하여 한국기업의 중국진출을 촉진시켰다. 흡입요인(Pull factor) 관점에서는 한국기업이 원하는 저임금의 노동력의 안정적 공급, 지리문화적 유사점 등이 중국으로의 진출을 고려하는데 크게 작용하였다.
Abstract
This study deals with issues on Korea’s foreign direct investment (FDI) in China. Based on the understanding on the Korea’s FDI in China, we examined the motivations and determinants of Korea’s FDI in China. Particularly we focused on the analysis of changes in Korea’s FDI in China before and after 1997 financial crisis. After the study, we found out that the main type of Korea’s FDI in China can be identified as labor-seeking and/or market-seeking FDI on the basis of Behrman (1972) and Dunning (1993)’s classification. China constitutes an attractive location for Korea’s FDI because of its large potential market and economic growth. Before the 1997 financial crisis, the determinants of Korea’s FDI from the push factor were increasing wage rates and labor disputes, the export-oriented policy and increasing trade frictions with main trade partners, the appreciation of Korean won as well as the technological advantages which Korean firms possessed over China. From the pull sector point of view, Korean firms tend to place their emphasis on cheap labor resources and relatively stable labor condition, geographical proximity and cultural similarity pre-crisis.
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