불간섭 정책에 대한 중국 지식인들의 논쟁과 실용주의적 접근
Chinese Intellectuals’ Debate and Pragmatic Approach to Non-intervention Policy
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‘불간섭(不干涉)’은 중국이 1950년대 초부터 고수해 온 가장 중요한 외교원칙 중 하나이다. 하지만 중국의 부상에 따른 국내외적 환경의 변화 속에서 중국의 국제적 개입의 필요성은 점차 확대되었고, 불간섭 정책의 유효성과 지속가능성을 둘러싸고 중국 국내외에서 논쟁이 대두되었다. 본 연구는 이러한 논쟁을 둘러싼 중국 지식인들의 인식과 담론을 살펴봄으로써, 중국 내부에 크게 세 가지의 입장이 존재함을 확인한다. 첫째는 중국의 불간섭 정책의 변화의 필요성을 제기하는 비판적 입장이고, 둘째는 기존의 원칙과 정책은 여전히 중국에게 유익하며 계속적으로 고수해야 한다는 보수적 입장이고, 셋째는 실용주의적 관점에서 원칙은 고수하되 그 실행과 적용에 있어서 좀 더 창의성과 유연성을 발휘할 것을 요구하는 입장이다. 논쟁가 진행됨에 따라, 이러한 중국 지식인들의 인식과 담론은 점차 세 번째 실용주의적 접근으로 수렴되고 있으며, 논쟁의 초점은 ‘불간섭 원칙을 고수하되 어떻게 그 원칙에 대한 좀 더 유연하고 실용주의적인 해석과 적용을 통해 강대국으로 부상하는 중국의 국가이익을 수호하고 국제적 지위와 역할을 제고할 것인가’에 맞춰지고 있다. 따라서 이러한 논쟁은 강대국으로 부상하는 중국이 국가이익과 국내외의 기대와 요구를 충족할 수 있는 합법적인 국제적 개입의 조건과 방식을 모색하는 보다 광범위한 외교전략적 논의의 일부라고 볼 수 있다.
Abstract
The “non-intervention” is one of the most important diplomatic principles China has adhered to in international relations since the early 1950s. However, with the rise of China, the need for China’s international intervention has gradually expanded due to its changing international status and environment, and academic debates have emerged at home and abroad over the validity and sustainability of the policy of non- intervention. This study pays attention to the perception and discourse of Chinese intellectuals regarding this debate. Through the discourse analysis of the writings of Chinese intellectuals, especially political scientists, this research attempts to explore China’s internal perspectives and orientations regarding its principle and policy of non-intervention. Through such analysis, this article argues that there are three main positions in the debate about China’s policy of non-intervention. The first is a critical position that raises the need for a change (correcting or scrapping) in China’s policy of non-intervention. The second is a conservative position that the existing principle is still beneficial to China and it should continue to adhere to the principle. And, the third is a pragmatic point of view that it calls for more creativity and flexibility in its implementation and application of the principle. These discourses of Chinese intellectuals are gradually converging into the third pragmatic approach. Thus, the debate within China over its policy of non-intervention is not focused on whether to scrap or adhere to the principle of non-intervention, but rather on how to protect and promote China’s expanding national interests, international status and role as a rising great power through more flexible and pragmatic interpretations and applications of the principle. In this light, the dispute among Chinese intellectuals over the policy of non-intervention can be seen as part of a broader diplomatic and strategic discussion in which China as a rising great power searches for the conditions and ways of legitimate international intervention to protect its national interests and to deal with the many new expectations and demands facing it domestically as well as internationally.
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