The tonal timing and shape of the English L+H* pitch accent
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This paper examines the timing of tonal targets in the English L+H* pitch accent. It has been shown that the tonal targets in English are aligned with respect to certain segmental landmarks (Ladd et al. 1999, Dilley et al. 2005). The effects of segmental anchoring are re-examined in this paper. We replicate the basic effect, but also find that the tones systematically deviate from their alignment points, so that the rise starts earlier and terminates later under time pressure. Considering this to be evidence for a target duration, we propose that both segmental alignment and target duration simultaneously affect the timing of L and H tones that comprise the L+H* pitch accent in English. The proposed model takes these two factors as weighted constraints (Flemming 2001). In this model, the actual timing of tonal targets is determined by the interaction of the alignment and duration constraints. The model parameters, the constraint weights and target duration, are obtained by fitting the proposed model to the actual data. The extended model with slope, magnitude, and alignment targets (Cho and Flemming 2011) is also applied to our experimental data. The results in this paper suggest that the phonetic realization grammar of the English L+H* pitch accent must specify for not only the alignment of tonal targets but also the target slope and magnitude of the rise.
Abstract
This paper examines the timing of tonal targets in the English L+H* pitch accent. It has been shown that the tonal targets in English are aligned with respect to certain segmental landmarks (Ladd et al. 1999, Dilley et al. 2005). The effects of segmental anchoring are re-examined in this paper. We replicate the basic effect, but also find that the tones systematically deviate from their alignment points, so that the rise starts earlier and terminates later under time pressure. Considering this to be evidence for a target duration, we propose that both segmental alignment and target duration simultaneously affect the timing of L and H tones that comprise the L+H* pitch accent in English. The proposed model takes these two factors as weighted constraints (Flemming 2001). In this model, the actual timing of tonal targets is determined by the interaction of the alignment and duration constraints. The model parameters, the constraint weights and target duration, are obtained by fitting the proposed model to the actual data. The extended model with slope, magnitude, and alignment targets (Cho and Flemming 2011) is also applied to our experimental data. The results in this paper suggest that the phonetic realization grammar of the English L+H* pitch accent must specify for not only the alignment of tonal targets but also the target slope and magnitude of the rise.
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