Stress assignment and opacity in Batticaloa Creole Portuguese
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According to Koontz-Garbodean (2000), the stress assignment in Batticaloa Creole Portuguese (BCP) is very predictable: stress falls on the last underlying long vowel of a word, or on the first vowel of a word if a word has no long vowel underlyingly. BCP has phonemic vowel length, though long vowels only surface when they are stressed in a word-initial syllable. Elsewhere, they are shortened. The stress assignment of BCP in these cases involves opacity. The aim of this paper is to investigate the opacity of stress assignment in BCP. Opacity, which refers to the phenomenon that output forms are shaped by generalizations that are not surface-true, or not surface-apparent, has been a challenge to classic Optimality Theory (OT, Prince and Smolensky 1993, 2004) since it is an output-oriented theory. To deal with opacity, many other theories such as Local Conjunction (Smolensky 1993; Kirchner 1996), Lexical Constraint Domains (Itô and Mester 1995a-b), OO-correspondence (Benua 1995; Kager 1995; McCarthy 1996), I-O Well-formedness (Orgun 1996; Archangeli and Suzuki 1997), Lexical Accent (Hammond 1999), Multi-stratal Evaluation (Itô and Mester 1999), and Sympathy Theory (McCarthy 1999, 2002), have been proposed. According to Kager (1999: 377-399), McCarthy (2007: 9-13, 25-49), and Seo and Jo (2007b: 46-48), however, there are also many problems in them. In this paper to resolve the opacity in OT, we will attempt to solve the opacity problem by employing Optimality Theory with Candidate Chains (OT-CC, McCarthy 2006a-d, 2007), which incorporates the inter-candidate derivational information with PREC (edence) constraints(A, B) (PREC(A, B)). Based on OT-CC with Prec(A, B), this paper examines and analyses the opacity of stress assignment in BCP, supporting the superiority of OT-CC.
Abstract
According to Koontz-Garbodean (2000), the stress assignment in Batticaloa Creole Portuguese (BCP) is very predictable: stress falls on the last underlying long vowel of a word, or on the first vowel of a word if a word has no long vowel underlyingly. BCP has phonemic vowel length, though long vowels only surface when they are stressed in a word-initial syllable. Elsewhere, they are shortened. The stress assignment of BCP in these cases involves opacity. The aim of this paper is to investigate the opacity of stress assignment in BCP. Opacity, which refers to the phenomenon that output forms are shaped by generalizations that are not surface-true, or not surface-apparent, has been a challenge to classic Optimality Theory (OT, Prince and Smolensky 1993, 2004) since it is an output-oriented theory. To deal with opacity, many other theories such as Local Conjunction (Smolensky 1993; Kirchner 1996), Lexical Constraint Domains (Itô and Mester 1995a-b), OO-correspondence (Benua 1995; Kager 1995; McCarthy 1996), I-O Well-formedness (Orgun 1996; Archangeli and Suzuki 1997), Lexical Accent (Hammond 1999), Multi-stratal Evaluation (Itô and Mester 1999), and Sympathy Theory (McCarthy 1999, 2002), have been proposed. According to Kager (1999: 377-399), McCarthy (2007: 9-13, 25-49), and Seo and Jo (2007b: 46-48), however, there are also many problems in them. In this paper to resolve the opacity in OT, we will attempt to solve the opacity problem by employing Optimality Theory with Candidate Chains (OT-CC, McCarthy 2006a-d, 2007), which incorporates the inter-candidate derivational information with PREC (edence) constraints(A, B) (PREC(A, B)). Based on OT-CC with Prec(A, B), this paper examines and analyses the opacity of stress assignment in BCP, supporting the superiority of OT-CC.
참고문헌 (34)
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