The effects of neighborhood density and word frequency on the production of English-learning Korean speakers
0
조회
0
다운로드
8
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This study investigates whether English-learning Korean speakers’ production is affected by two parameters in organizing mental lexicon such as neighborhood density and word frequency. Speakers produced four types of real English words classified by high- and low- neighborhood density and high- and low-frequency. In order to see these effects, F1s and F2s of vowels, vowel duration and pitch were measured. First, the results showed that F1 and F2 values of vowels in the dense neighborhood words were significantly different from those of sparse neighborhood words as consistent with previous results for native speakers of English. Second, F1s and F2s of vowels in high-frequency words were also different from those in low-frequency words. Put together, these results show that vowel space in the low-frequency words and dense neighborhood words was more expanded than that in the high-frequency and sparse neighborhood words. Furthermore, pitches of vowels in sparse neighborhood words were significantly higher than those in dense neighborhood words. In addition, vowels were produced with longer duration in low-density words and high-frequency words than in high-density words and low-frequency words. However, vowel pitch did not significantly differ by word frequency but by neighborhood density. Overall, our findings suggest that lexical factors like neighborhood density and word frequency influence the phonetic-fine details and those two factors serve the function of parameters associated with the organization of L2 speakers’ mental lexicon as well as of L1 speakers’.
Abstract
This study investigates whether English-learning Korean speakers’ production is affected by two parameters in organizing mental lexicon such as neighborhood density and word frequency. Speakers produced four types of real English words classified by high- and low- neighborhood density and high- and low-frequency. In order to see these effects, F1s and F2s of vowels, vowel duration and pitch were measured. First, the results showed that F1 and F2 values of vowels in the dense neighborhood words were significantly different from those of sparse neighborhood words as consistent with previous results for native speakers of English. Second, F1s and F2s of vowels in high-frequency words were also different from those in low-frequency words. Put together, these results show that vowel space in the low-frequency words and dense neighborhood words was more expanded than that in the high-frequency and sparse neighborhood words. Furthermore, pitches of vowels in sparse neighborhood words were significantly higher than those in dense neighborhood words. In addition, vowels were produced with longer duration in low-density words and high-frequency words than in high-density words and low-frequency words. However, vowel pitch did not significantly differ by word frequency but by neighborhood density. Overall, our findings suggest that lexical factors like neighborhood density and word frequency influence the phonetic-fine details and those two factors serve the function of parameters associated with the organization of L2 speakers’ mental lexicon as well as of L1 speakers’.
참고문헌 (41)
- BOERSMA, PAUL, "Phonology-semantics interaction in OT, and its acquisition" (1999), Rutgers Optimality Archives
- BRADLOW, ANN R, "Recognition of spoken words by native and non-native listeners: Talker-, listener-, and item-related factors", Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 106, pp.2074~2085 (1999)
- BYBEE, JOAN, "Frequency and the emergence of linguistic structure" (2001), John Benjamins
- CARROLL, JOHN B, "Measurement properties of subjective magnitude estimates of word frequency", Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10, pp.722~729 (1971)
- CARROLL, JOHN B, "Age-of-acquisition norms for 220 picturable nouns", Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, pp.563~576 (1973)
- DELL GARY S, "Effects of frequency and vocabulary type on phonological speech errors", Language and Cognitive Processes, 4, pp.313~349 (1990)
- DELL GARY S, "Stages in sentence production: An analysis of speech error data", Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, pp.611~629 (1981)
- FORSTER, KENNETH, "Accessing the mental lexicon Explorations in the Biology of Language", pp.139~174 (1979), Bradford Books
- GOLDINGER, STEPHEN D, "Lexical neighborhoods in speech production: A first report. Research on Speech Perception", Speech Research Laboratory. Indiana University, 15, pp.331~342 (1989)
- GOLDINGER, "Priming lexical neighbors of spoken words: Effects of competition and inhibition", Journal of Memory and Language, 28, pp.501~518 (1989)
- GORDON, JEAN K, "Phonological neighborhood effects in aphasic speech errors: spontaneous and structured contexts", Brain and Language, 82, pp.113~145 (2002)
- HANSEN, "Social factors and variation in production in L2 phonology Phonology and Second Language Acquisition", pp.219~249 (2008), John Benjamins
- HOHNE, ELIZABETH A, "Do infants remember words from stories? Paper presented at the meeting of the Acoustical Society of America" (1994), MA
- IMAI, "Lexical frequency and neighborhood density effects on the recognition of native and Spanish-accented words by native English and Spanish listeners", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 117(2), pp.896~907 (2005)
- JUSCZYK, "Infants detection of sound patterns of words in fluent speech", Cognitive Psychology, 29, pp.1~23 (1995)
- JUSCZYK, "Infants’ sensitivity to phonotactic patterns in the native language", Journal of Memory and Language, 33, pp.630~645 (1994)
- LANDAUER, "Structural differences between common and rare words: Failure of equivalence assumptions for theories of word recognition", Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, pp.119~131 (1973)
- LUCE, "Neighborhoods of words on the mental lexicon (Technical Report No. 6)" (1986), Speech Research Laboratory, Indiana University
- LUCE, "Recognizing spoken words: The neighborhood activation model", Ear and Hearing, 19, pp.1~36 (1998)
- LUCE, "Similarity neighborhoods of spoken words Cognitive models of speech processing: Psycholinguistic and computational perspectives", pp.122~147 (1990), MIT Press
- MARCHMAN, "Children’s productivity in the English past tense: The role of frequency, phonology, and neighborhood structure", Cognitive Science, 21, pp.283~304 (1997)
- MARTIN, "A computational account of deep dysphasia: evidence from a single case study", Brain and Language, 43, pp.240~274 (1992)
- MIOZZO, "When more is less: A counterintuitive effect of distractor frequency in the picture-word interference paradigm", Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132, pp.228~252 (2003)
- MORRISETTE, "Lexical organization and phonological change in treatment", Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, pp.143~159 (2002)
- MUNSON, "The effect of phonological neighborhood density on vowel articulation", Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 47(5), pp.1048~1058 (2004)
- PISONI, "An interactive activation model of language production", Progress in the psychology of language, 1, pp.143~186 (1985)
- RUMELHART, "Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructures of cognition. Vol. 1: Foundations" (1986), MIT Press
- SEIDENBERG, "A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming", Psychological Review, 96, pp.523~568 (1989)
- SHATZMAN, "The word frequency effect in picture naming: Contrasting two hypothesis using homonym pictures", Brain and Language, 90, pp.160~169 (2004)
- STEMBERGER, "Structural errors in normal and agrammatic speech", Cognitive Neuropsychology, 1, pp.281~313 (1984)
- STEMBERGER, "An interactive activation model of language production", Progress in the psychology of language, 1, pp.143~186 (1985)
- STEMBERGER, "Neighborhood effects on error rates in speech production", Brain and Language, 90, pp.413~422 (2004)
- USSISHKIN, "Neighborhood density and the root-affix distinction", Proceedings of the Northeastern Linguistics Society, 32, pp.539~549 (2002)
- TAKAYANAGI, "Lexical and talker effects on word recognition among native and non-native listeners with normal and impaired hearing", Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, pp.585~597 (2002)
- "Louis Speech and Hearing Lab Neighborhood Database as a web-based implementation of the 20 000-word Hoosier Mental Lexicon"[URL]
- WATSON, "Phonological neighborhood density and vowel production in older and younger adults", The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 118(3), pp.2035~2036 (2005)
- VITEVITCH, "The neighborhood characteristics of malapropisms", Language and Speech, 40, pp.211~228 (1997)
- VITEVITCH, "Tongue twisters reveal neighborhood density effects in speech production", Research on Spoken Language Processing, 21, pp.1~8 (1997)
- VITEVITCH, "The influence of phonological similarity neighborhoods on speech production", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 28, pp.735~747 (2002)
- VITEVITCH, "Neighborhood density effects in spoken word recognition in Spanish", Journal of multilingual Communication Disorders, 3(1), pp.74~72 (2005)
- WRIGHT, "Factors of lexical competition in vowel articulation Phonetic interpretation: Papers in Laboratory Phonology VI" (2004), Cambridge University Press