동결 농축 Campbell Early 포도 과즙의 무가당 적포도주 발효 특성
Characteristics of Red Wine Fermentation of Freeze-Concentrated Campbell Early Grape Juice using various Wine Yeasts
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초록
Campbell Early 포도 품종은 생육 조건이 우리나라의 기후 조건에 매우 적합하며, 생과로서 향이 좋고, 오랜 기간 생과로 먹어 왔으므로 우리의 입맛에 잘 맞는 포도로서 과즙의 제조에는 적합한 특성을 가지고 있으나 당의 함량이 14-15%로서 포도주 가공을 위하여 보당을 하여야 하는 등 포도주 제조에는 다소 문제점이 있다. 국내산 포도주의 품질 개선을 위한 원료 전처리 방법으로 본 연구에서는 동결 농축 기술을 이용하여 Campbell Early 포도 과즙을 농축한 후 다양한 포도주 효모를 사용하여 무가당 포도주의 제조 시험을 행하였다. 포도주 효모로는 산업용 포도주 효모인 S. cerevisiae OC2, S. cerevisiae Fermivin, S. cerevisiae W-3를 이용하여 농축 포도 과즙의 알코올 발효를 행하면서 발효 특성과 발효 후 여과하여 제성한 포도주의 품질 특성을 조사하였다. 발효가 끝날 시점의 알코올 함량은 12.6-13.0%로 비슷하였으며 환원당의 함량은 거의 흔적 정도로 검출되었으며 pH는 약 3.6-3.7, 총산 함량은 0.6-0.7%로 모든 시험구에서 정상적으로 발효가 일어났음을 알 수 있었다. 발효 종료 후 여과한 포도주의 아세트알데히드, 메탄올, fusel oil의 함량은 식품공전에 명시된 과실주의 기준치보다 매우 낮게 나왔으며 총 폴리페놀 함량이 모든 시험구에서 1.32-1.67 mg/mL 정도를 나타내었다. 각 시험구의 포도주는 모두 농축으로 인하여 진한 색을 띄었고 특히 적색을 나타내는 520nm에서의 흡광도가 높았으며 이는 색도인 L, a, b 값을 통해서도 확인하였다. 관능 검사를 실시한 결과는 색은 S. cerevisiae W-3 포도주가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났으며 향과 맛은 S. cerevisiae OC2 포도주에서 가장 우수한 점수를 받았으며 전반적인 기호는 S. cerevisiae Fermivin 포도주가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다.
Abstract
Campbell Early grapes, the major grape variety in Korea, contain 13–15% (w/v) sugar, which is lower than that appropriate for fermentation of red wine. Therefore, chaptalization with sucrose is usually used to increase the sugar level to an extent adequate to produce a wine containing about 12% (v/v) alcohol. In the present study, fermentation of freeze-concentrated Campbell Early grape juice at 25 °Brix was investigated using several industrial wine yeasts including Saccharomyces cerevisiae OC2, S. cerevisiae Fermivin, and S. cerevisiae W-3. During fermentation, changes in the levels of soluble solids, alcohol, total acid, and yeast viable counts were investigated. Alcohol content reached maximal levels after 9 days of fermentation, and was 12.6% (v/v) when the Fermivin strain was used and 13% (v/v) when each of the OC2 and W-3 strains was used. No significant between-strain difference was found, except for slightly slower alcohol production and sugar consumption, and a higher total acid content when strain OC2 was used. Changes in the yeast viable counts were similar during fermentation. The physicochemical characteristics of Campbell Early wine prepared using freeze-concentrated juice were investigated by measuring the levels of total phenolic compounds, organic acids, acetaldehyde, and minor alcohols and assessment of color values. Similar levels of soluble solids and total phenolic contents were observed in wines fermented by the three different strains, but a higher level of total acid was noted in OC2-fermented wine and a lower level of alcohol in Fermivin-fermented wine. The highest level of malic acid and the lowest level of lactic acid were detected in Fermivin-fermented wine. Although the wines showed variable levels of acetaldehyde and minor alcohols, the concentrations of these materials were much lower than those mandated by legal regulations promulgated by the Korean National Tax Service. Red and violet colors in OC2-fermented wine were darker than those of W-3-fermented wine. In sensory evaluation, W-3-fermented wine obtained the highest scores for color and flavor. However, the best taste score was reported for the OC2-fermented wine, whereas Fermivin-fermented wine was awarded the highest score in overall acceptance.
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