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기계학습을 활용한 사회과학 연구의 쟁점과 사례

A Study on Issues and Cases of Social Science Research Using Machine Learning

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주제분류사회과학일반

초록

이 글은 최근 활발해지고 있는 기계학습(ML)의 방법론적 특성을 전통적인 사회과학 방법론과 비교하면서 검토하고, ML이 사회과학 연구에 제공하는 새로운 가능성들을 ML을 활용한 연구 사례를 통하여 제시하였다. 기계가 데이터를 학습하여인간에게 유용한 정보를 제공하는 알고리즘을 생성하는 기술로서 ML은 데이터과학의 영역을 넘어서 사회과학의 맥락에서 인간에게 가치 있는 새로운 정보를 제공하고 사회과학 연구자에게 새로운 분석 방법을 제공한다. 이 글은 ML의 장점과 한계를 전통적 사회과학과 비교하여 제시하고, ML 기법으로 비정형 데이터를 활용하는 사회과학 연구 사례들을 검토했다. ML은 새로운 데이터를 가지고 사회 문제를 새로운 방식으로 연구할 수 있게 하여 기존 사회과학 연구방법론의 한계를 넘어서고 더 풍부한 정보와 지식을 창출하는 데 기여할 수 있다. 그럼에도 사회 문제에ML을 기계적으로 적용하는 것은 설명가능성과 결과와 예측의 타당성과 사회적 수용가능성 등의 문제를 가진다. 방법론적으로도 학계가 수용할 수 있는 표준화되어야 하는 것도 ML의 과제라 할 수 있다. 전통적 연구방법론과 ML의 보완과 사회과학과 데이터과학의 협력이 이러한 문제에의 대응의 전제조건이다.

Abstract

This article examines the methodological characteristics of machine learning (ML), which are becoming more active in recent years, while comparing them with traditional social science methodology, and presents new possibilities that ML provides to social science research through research cases using ML. As a technology in which machine learns data and generate algorithms that provide useful information to humans, ML goes beyond the realm of data science to provide valuable new information to humans in the context of social science and provide new analytical methods to social science researchers. This article presents the strengths and limitations of traditional social science and ML in comparison with traditional social science, and reviews examples of social science research using unstructured data as an ML technique. ML makes it possible to study social problems in new ways with new data, which can contribute to creating richer information and knowledge by going beyond the limits of existing social science research methodologies. Mechanical application of ML to social problems, however, problems such as explainability, validity of results and predictions, and social acceptability. Methodologically, it is also a task of ML to be standardized that can be accepted by academia. Complementing traditional research methodologies and ML and collaboration between social sciences and data science are prerequisites for responding to these issues.

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