Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Environmental Water Contamination in a Rural Village of Northern Lao PDR
2
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
A field survey studying intestinal parasites in humans and microbial pathogen contamination at environment was performed in a Laotian rural village to identify potential risks for disease outbreaks. A parasitological investigation was conducted in Ban Lak Sip village, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR involving fecal samples from 305 inhabitants as well as water samples taken from 3 sites of the local stream. Water analysis indicated the presence of several enteric pathogens, i.e., Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., E. coli H7, E. coli O157: H7, verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC), Shigella spp., and enteric adenovirus. The level of microbial pathogens contamination was associated with human activity, with greater levels of contamination found at the downstream site compared to the site at the village and upstream, respectively. Regarding intestinal parasites, the prevalence of helminth and protozoan infections were 68.9% and 27.2%, respectively. Eight helminth taxa were identified in fecal samples, i.e., 2 tapeworm species (Taenia sp. and Hymenolepis diminuta), 1 trematode (Opisthorchis sp.), and 5 nematodes (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, trichostrongylids, and hookworms). Six species of intestinal protists were identified, i.e., Blastocystis hominis, Cyclospora spp., Endolimax nana, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, Entamoeba coli, and Giardia lamblia. Questionnaires and interviews were also conducted to determine risk factors of infection. These analyses together with a prevailing infection level suggested that most of villagers were exposed to parasites in a similar degree due to limited socio-economic differences and sharing of similar practices. Limited access to effective public health facilities is also a significant contributing factor.
Abstract
A field survey studying intestinal parasites in humans and microbial pathogen contamination at environment was performed in a Laotian rural village to identify potential risks for disease outbreaks. A parasitological investigation was conducted in Ban Lak Sip village, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR involving fecal samples from 305 inhabitants as well as water samples taken from 3 sites of the local stream. Water analysis indicated the presence of several enteric pathogens, i.e., Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., E. coli H7, E. coli O157: H7, verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC), Shigella spp., and enteric adenovirus. The level of microbial pathogens contamination was associated with human activity, with greater levels of contamination found at the downstream site compared to the site at the village and upstream, respectively. Regarding intestinal parasites, the prevalence of helminth and protozoan infections were 68.9% and 27.2%, respectively. Eight helminth taxa were identified in fecal samples, i.e., 2 tapeworm species (Taenia sp. and Hymenolepis diminuta), 1 trematode (Opisthorchis sp.), and 5 nematodes (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, trichostrongylids, and hookworms). Six species of intestinal protists were identified, i.e., Blastocystis hominis, Cyclospora spp., Endolimax nana, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, Entamoeba coli, and Giardia lamblia. Questionnaires and interviews were also conducted to determine risk factors of infection. These analyses together with a prevailing infection level suggested that most of villagers were exposed to parasites in a similar degree due to limited socio-economic differences and sharing of similar practices. Limited access to effective public health facilities is also a significant contributing factor.
참고문헌 (33)
- Hotez PJ, "Helminth infections: the great neglected tropical diseases", J Clin Invest, 118, pp.1311~1321 (2008)
- Becker SL, "Persistent digestive disorders in the tropics : causative infectious pathogens and reference diagnostic tests", BMC Infect Dis, 13, pp.37~ (2013)
- Ammoura AM, "Impact of hygienic level on parasite infection", Asian Pac J Trop Med, 3, pp.148~149 (2010)
- Sayasone S, "Helminth and intestinal protozoa infections, multiparasitism and risk factors in Champasack Province, Lao People’s Democratic Republic", PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 5, pp.e1037~ (2011)
- Holt HR, "Endemicity of zoonotic diseases in pigs and humans in lowland and upland Lao PDR: identification of socio-cultural risk factors", PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 10, pp.e0003913~ (2016)
- Niamnuy N, "Prevalence and associated risk factors of intestinal parasites in humans and domestic animals across borders of Thailand and Lao PDR: focus on hookworm and threadworm", Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 47, pp.901~911 (2016)
- Keeseon S. Eom, "Prevalence of helminthic infections among inhabitants of Lao PDR", The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 52(1), pp.51~56 (2014), 대한기생충학ㆍ열대의학회[DOI]
- Rim, HJ, "Prevalence of intestinal parasite infections on a national scale among primary schoolchildren in Laos", Parasitol Res, 91, pp.267~272 (2003)
- 채종일, "High prevalence of liver and intestinal flukeinfections among residents of SavannakhetProvince in Laos", The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 45(3), pp.213~218 (2007), 대한기생충학ㆍ열대의학회
- Conlan J, "A review of taeniasis and cysticercosis in the Lao People's Democratic Republic", Parasitol Int, 57, pp.252~255 (2008)
- 전형규, "Current Status of Human Taeniasis in Lao People’s Democratic Republic", The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 51(2), pp.259~263 (2013), 대한기생충학ㆍ열대의학회
- Okello AL, "Investigating a hyper-endemic focus of Taenia solium in northern Lao PDR", Parasit Vectors, 7, pp.134~ (2014)
- Okello, AL, "Assessing the impact of a joint human-porcine intervention package for Taenia solium control:results of a pilot study from northern Lao PDR", Acta Trop, 159, pp.185~191 (2016)
- Soukhathammavong P, "Three cases of intestinal capillariasis in Lao People's Democratic Republic", Am J Trop Med Hyg, 79, pp.735~738 (2008)
- Sayasone S, "Rare human infection with the trematode Echinochasmus japonicus in Lao PDR", Parasitol Int, 58, pp.106~109 (2009)
- Odermatt P, "Paragonimiasis and its intermediate hosts in a transmission focus in Lao People's Democratic Republic", Acta Trop, 103, pp.108~115 (2007)
- Sato M, "Human Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in a rural village in Laos", Am J Trop Med Hyg, 84, pp.52~54 (2011)
- Phosuk I, "Molecular evidence of Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Trichostrongylus axei infections in humans from Thailand and Lao PDR", Am J Trop Med Hyg, 89, pp.376~379 (2013)
- Kobayashi J, "Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among children in two villages in Lao PDR", Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 27, pp.562~565 (1996)
- Phetsouvanh R, "The seasonal variation in the microbial agents implicated in the etiology of diarrheal diseases among children in Lao People's Democratic Republic", Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 30, pp.319~323 (1999)
- Chandler AC, "Introduction to Parasitology", pp.37~214 (1962), John Wiley and Sons
- Desowitz RS, "Ova and Parasites: Medical Parasitology for the Laboratory Technologist", pp.37~63 (1980), Harper and Row
- Katz N, "A simple device for quantitative stool thick smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni", Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 14, pp.397~ (1972)
- Venables WN, "Modern applied statistics with S-PLUS", pp.462~ (2002), Springer
- Team RC, "R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing;2014", R Foundation for Statistical Computing, ~ (2016)
- Droppo IG, "Dynamic existence of waterborne pathogens within river sediment compartments. Implications for water quality regulatory affairs", Environ Sci Technol, 43, pp.1737~1743 (2009)
- Ildebrando Patamia, "A Human Case of Hymenolepis diminuta in a Child from Eastern Sicily", The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 48(2), pp.167~169 (2010), 대한기생충학ㆍ열대의학회
- Pakdeenarong N, "Helminth communities in murid rodents from southern and northern localities in Lao PDR: The role of habitat and season", J Helminthol, 88, pp.302~309 (2014)
- Ngui R, "Differentiating Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba moshkovskii using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in rural communities in Malaysia", Parasit Vectors, 5, pp.187~ (2012)
- 김민재, "Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoans among Schoolchildren in Suburban Areas near Yangon, Myanmar", The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 54(3), pp.345~348 (2016), 대한기생충학ㆍ열대의학회
- Wongstitwilairoong B, "Intestinal parasitic infections among pre-school children in Sangkhlaburi, Thailand", Am J Trop Med Hyg, 76, pp.345~350 (2007)
- Sirintip Boonjaraspinyo, "A Cross-Sectional Study on Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Rural Communities, Northeast Thailand", The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 51(6), pp.727~734 (2013), 대한기생충학ㆍ열대의학회
- Schär F, "The prevalence and diversity of intestinal parasitic infections in humans and domestic animals in a rural Cambodian village", Parasitol Int, 63, pp.597~603 (2014)