단삼에 의한 Candida albicans 바이오필름 발달의 억제
Growth of Candida albicans Biofilm is Inhibited by Salvia miltiorrhiza
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Candida albicans는 기회감염을 유발하는 주요한 병원성진균 중의 하나이다. 캔디다증 치료과정에서 항진균제에 대한 내성이 흔히 발견되는데, 그 이유는 Candida가 바이오필름을 형성할 수 있기 때문이다. 이전의 연구에서 우리는 단삼(Salvia miltiorriza)의 에탄올추출물이 세포막의 투과성을 변화시키고 세포벽 합성을 저해하여 항캔디다 활성을 나타냄을 밝혔다. 본 연구에서는 10개 C. albicans 임상균주가형성한 초기단계의 바이오필름을 대상으로 XTT 환원분석법으로 대사활성을 측정하니, 78 μg/ml 단삼 에탄올추출물에의해 바이오필름의 대사활성이 평균 51.3% 감소되었다. C. albicans 세포들이 폴리스티렌 표면에 부착하거나 germ tube 를 형성하는 과정에서의 단삼 에탄올추출물의 영향을 현미경으로 분석하니, 39 μg/ml 단삼 에탄올추출물에 의해 부착된 세포의 밀도는 현저하게 감소하였으나 germ tube 형성은 거의 억제하지 못했다. 단삼 에탄올추출물이 C. albicans SC5314 세포의 균사에 특이적인 유전자 발현에 미치는 영향을 qPCR로 분석한 결과, EAP1은 34.7% (p < 0.001), ALS1은 45.0% (p < 0.001), ALS3는 48.1% (p < 0.001), ECE1은 21.3% (p = 0.006) 억제하였다. 결론적으로 단삼의에탄올추출물은 초기단계의 C. albicans 바이오필름 발달을효율적으로 저해하며, 이는 EAP1, ALS1, ALS3 유전자의 발현억제에 따른 세포부착 억제와 관련이 있다. 더불어 단삼에탄올추출물의 C. albicans 세포막 기능저해와 세포벽 합성억제에 의한 구조변화 또한 세포부착단계에서의 바이오필름 발달억제에 기여할 것으로 추정된다.
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic human pathogen that causes infections. Candidiasis is often related to antifungal resistance because the pathogen has the ability to form biofilms. In a previous study, we found that the Salvia miltiorriza ethanol extract demonstrated anticandidal activity by altering membrane permeability and inhibiting the cell wall synthesis in C. albicans. Our results here demonstrate that 78 μg/ ml of the S. miltiorriza extract significantly diminished the early stage biofilms formed by 10 clinical C. albicans isolates by 51.3%; this was analyzed by 2,3-Bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5- carboxanilide salt (XTT) reduction assay. The effect of the S. miltiorrhiza extract on the adhesion of C. albicans cells to polystyrene plates and germ tube formation was examined via microscopic investigation. Although the density of the adhered cells was remarkably reduced up on incubation with 39 μg/ml S. miltiorrhiza extract, germ tube formation by C. albicans was rarely affected. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the S. miltiorrhiza extract downregulated the expression of C. albicans hypha-specific genes, EAP1 by 34.7% (p < 0.001), ALS1 by 45.0% (p < 0.001), ALS3 by 48.1% (p < 0.001), and ECE1 by 21.3% (p = 0.006), respectively. Our data suggest that the S. miltiorrhiza ethanol extract significantly inhibited the early stage of biofilm formation by C. albicans by interfering with cell adhesion, by downregulating EAP1, ALS1 and ALS3, and presumably by modifying the cell wall and membrane structure
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