생물학적 하폐수처리과정에서 N2O 배출 및 저감에 관한 고찰
A Review on Emission and Mitigation of N2O in Biological Wastewater Treatment
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초록
아산화질소(N2O)는 기후변화를 야기하는 온실가스임과 동시에 오존층을 파괴하는 가스이다. 하폐수 처리시 생물학적질소 제거 공정에서 주로 배출되는 아산화질소가 환경에 미치는 영향은 매우 중요하므로 대책 수립이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 하폐수 처리과정의 아산화질소 배출 관련 최신 연구동향을 종합적으로 고찰함으로써, 아산화질소의 배출량 및 생성에 미치는 주요 인자의 영향을 이해하고, 아산화질소 배출 저감 전략 수립에 필요한 정보를 도출하였다. 하폐수 처리공정에서 아산화질소가 배출되는 주요 경로는 hydroxylamine 산화, nitrifier 탈질 및 종속영양 탈질공정의 3가지로 구분된다. 실험실, 파일럿 및 실 규모 하폐수 처리 공정을 대상으로 아산화질소 배출량을 측정한 결과 아산화질소 배출량의 질소 부하량의 0−95%로 변이가 매우 컸다. 실 규모 하폐수 처리공정에서는 질소 부하량의 0−14.6%가 아산화질소로배출되고, 평균값과 중간값은 각각 1.95%와 0.2%이었다. 아산화질소 배출량에 영향을 미치는 가장 중요한 운전인자는용존산소와 아질산염 농도 및 COD/N 비율이었다. 아산화질소 배출 저감을 위해 운전인자를 조절하는 다양한 전략이 보고되고 있다. 또한, 하폐수 처리공정에서 아산화질소 배출 저감하기 위한 새로운 전략으로, 높은 아산화질소 환원효소 활성을 가진 미생물을 활용하거나, 기존의 탈질공정 대신 산소발생 탈질공정(oxygenic denitrification)을 도입하는 것이 제안되고 있다.
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas as well as an ozone-depleting substance. N2O is emitted during the biological nitrogen removal process in wastewater treatment systems (WTSs), and has significant environmental impacts. In this study, N2O emission in WTSs was comprehensively reviewed to better understand the effects of key parameters on N2O emission and obtain useful guidelines for N2O mitigation strategies in WTSs. Three biological pathways leading to N2O emission are hydroxylamine oxidation, nitrifier denitrification, and heterotrohic denitrification. Measurements at lab-, pilot- and full-scale WTSs have shown large variations in N2O emission (0−95% of N-loaded) during wastewater treatment. In the full-scale WTSs (0−14.6% N2O of N-loaded), the average and median values were 1.95% and 0.2% of N-loaded, respectively. Dissolved oxygen, nitrite concentrations, and chemical oxygen demand (COD)/N ratio are the most important parameters leading to N2O emission. A variety of operational strategies have been suggested to minimize N2O emission from WTSs. A new N2O mitigation strategy involving the introduction of microorganisms with high N2O reductase activity or oxygenic denitrification ability has been proposed as an alternative canonical denitrification.
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