Fire-induced shift from Pinus to Quercus forests: a twenty-year study following the 1996 Goseong forest fire
1
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Background: The 1996 Goseong forest fire, the largest recorded, prompted a debate on the potential for natural forest recovery, leading to the designation of a natural restoration research area. This study mainly aimed to demonstrate the forest’s natural regenerative ability in a prefire Pinus densiflora forest that had been affected by a stand-replacing fire. To achieve this, the study tracked the key aspects of the succession process, specifically the formation of vertical structure and changes in species composition. Results: The regenerating vegetation initially passed through stages dominated by herbaceous and shrub layers, then differentiated into the canopy layer, eventually forming the early-stage forest after 20 years. Site A had developed into a forest with an average canopy height of 13.3 m and 73% coverage, while Site B was restored with a canopy height of 10 m and 27% coverage. Tree species of the genus Quercus dominated the canopy layer, occupying 99% of the tree basal area (from 17% prefire). Consequently, the prefire pine forest shifted to a Quercus-dominated forest after secondary succession. Pinus densiflora (83% of the prefire basal area) occupied only 1% after 20 years. Oak species became dominant from the initial stages of regeneration, playing a key role in shaping the early-stage forest structure. The species composition of the regenerating stands was already determined in the initial stage and closely resembled that of 20 years later. Since most species regenerated through resprouting, the understory remained dominated by pine forest companion species. Oak-associated species tended to increase in later stages. No invasive species were observed, and annual plants had low abundance. Conclusions: The study demonstrated the natural regenerative power of the forest following the fire, revealing that it takes around 20 years for a prefire pine forest to be restored an early-stage oak-dominated forest. Quercus trees, particularly Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica, regenerated rapidly immediately after fire, contributing to the development of the early-stage forest. Although this study was small in scale, it is a rare study conducted at permanent plots over 20 years, revealing the secondary succession process.
Abstract
Background: The 1996 Goseong forest fire, the largest recorded, prompted a debate on the potential for natural forest recovery, leading to the designation of a natural restoration research area. This study mainly aimed to demonstrate the forest’s natural regenerative ability in a prefire Pinus densiflora forest that had been affected by a stand-replacing fire. To achieve this, the study tracked the key aspects of the succession process, specifically the formation of vertical structure and changes in species composition. Results: The regenerating vegetation initially passed through stages dominated by herbaceous and shrub layers, then differentiated into the canopy layer, eventually forming the early-stage forest after 20 years. Site A had developed into a forest with an average canopy height of 13.3 m and 73% coverage, while Site B was restored with a canopy height of 10 m and 27% coverage. Tree species of the genus Quercus dominated the canopy layer, occupying 99% of the tree basal area (from 17% prefire). Consequently, the prefire pine forest shifted to a Quercus-dominated forest after secondary succession. Pinus densiflora (83% of the prefire basal area) occupied only 1% after 20 years. Oak species became dominant from the initial stages of regeneration, playing a key role in shaping the early-stage forest structure. The species composition of the regenerating stands was already determined in the initial stage and closely resembled that of 20 years later. Since most species regenerated through resprouting, the understory remained dominated by pine forest companion species. Oak-associated species tended to increase in later stages. No invasive species were observed, and annual plants had low abundance. Conclusions: The study demonstrated the natural regenerative power of the forest following the fire, revealing that it takes around 20 years for a prefire pine forest to be restored an early-stage oak-dominated forest. Quercus trees, particularly Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica, regenerated rapidly immediately after fire, contributing to the development of the early-stage forest. Although this study was small in scale, it is a rare study conducted at permanent plots over 20 years, revealing the secondary succession process.
참고문헌 (64)
- Abrahamson WG, "Post-fire recovery of Florida Lake Wales ridge vegetation", Am J Botany, 71(1), pp.9~21 (1984)[DOI]
- Abrahamson WG, "Species responses to fire on the Florida Lake Wales ridge", Am J Botany, 71(1), pp.35~43 (1984)[DOI]
- Abrams MD, "Fire and the development of Oak Forests", BioSci, 42(5), pp.346~353 (1992)[DOI]
- Agee JK, "Fire ecology of Pacific Northwest forests" (1993), Island Press
- Angara EV, "Twenty-one years post-fire succession in a small watershed on Etajima Island, Hiroshima Prefecture, Southwestern Japan", J Int Dev Coop, 6, pp.177~196 (2000)
- Baek S, "Analysis on the fire progression and severity variation of the massive forest fire occurred in Uljin, Korea, 2022", For, 13(12), pp.2185~ (2022)[DOI]
- Barbour MG, "Terrestrial Plant Ecology" (1999), Addison Wesley Longman
- Boiffin J, "Three large fire years threaten resilience of closed crown black spruce forests in eastern Canada", Ecosphere, 4(5), pp.1~20 (2013)[DOI]
- Bond WJ, "Ecology of sprouting in woody plants: the persistence niche", Trends Ecol Evol, 16(1), pp.45~51 (2001)[DOI]
- Bormann FH, "Pattern and process in a forested ecosystem:Disturbance, development, and the steady state based on the Hubbard Brook ecosystem study" (1994), Springer-Verlag
- Burrows CJ, "Processes of vegetation change" (1990), Unwin Hyman
- Cho YH, "Secondary succession and species diversity of Pinus densiflora forest after fire", Kor J Ecol, 15(4), pp.337~344 (1992)
- Choung HL, "Distribution patterns, floristic differentiation and succession of Pinus densiflora forest in South Korea: a perspective at nation-wide scale", Phytocoen, 36(2), pp.213~229 (2006)[DOI]
- Choung Y, "Ecology of Korea", pp.119~137 (2002), Bumwoo Publishing Co
- Choung Y, "Biodiversity of burned forests is controlled by the sprouting ability of prefire species in Pinus densiflora forests", Ecol Eng, 127, pp.356~362 (2019)[DOI]
- Choung YS, "Effects of fire on chemical properties of soil and runoff, and phytomass in Pinus densiflora forest", Kor J Ecol, 10(3), pp.129~138 (1987)
- Choung Y, "Forest responses to the large-scale East Coast fires in Korea", Ecol Res, 19, pp.43~54 (2004)[DOI]
- Choung Y, "Review on the succession process of Pinus densiflora forests in South Korea: progressive and disturbancedriven succession", J Ecology Environ, 44(16) (2020)[DOI]
- Choung Y, "Ecology of common plant species in central Korean forests" (2019), Nature & Ecology
- Choung Y, "Studies on the ecosystem restoration and the policies in the East Coast fire regions" (2002), Ministry of Environment
- Choung Y, "Categorized wetland preference and life forms of the vascular plants in the Korean Peninsula", J Ecology Environ, 45, pp.8~ (2021)[DOI]
- Chun YM, "Syntaxonomy and syngeography of Korean red pine(Pinus densiflora)Forests in Korea", Kor J Env Eco, 21(3), pp.257~277 (2007)
- Dietze MC, "Changing the gap dynamics paradigm : vegetative regeneration control on forest response to disturbance", Ecol Monogr, 78(3), pp.331~347 (2008)[DOI]
- Donato DC, "Post-wildfire logging hinders regeneration and increases fire risk", Sci, 311(5759), pp.352~ (2006)[DOI]
- Dong-A Ilbo, "Forum on ecosystem restoration of the East Coast fire region", Dong-A ILbo, ~ (2000)
- Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010: Main report, "Food and Agriculture Organization", FAO of the United Nations, ~ (2010)
- Finegan B, "Forest succession", Nature, 312, pp.109~114 (1984)[DOI]
- González-De Vega S, "Post-fire regeneration and diversity response to burn severity in Pinus halepensis Mill", Forests. For, 9(6), pp.299~ (2018)[DOI]
- Han J, "Early post-fire regeneration of a fire-prone subtropical mixed Yunnan pine forest in Southwest China : Effects of pre-fire vegetation, fire severity and topographic factors", For Ecol Manag, 356, pp.31~40 (2015)[DOI]
- Hart SA, "Fire, logging, and overstory affect understory abundance, diversity, and composition in boreal forest", Ecol Monogr, 78(1), pp.123~140 (2008)[DOI]
- Harvey BJ, "High and dry : post-fire tree seedling establishment in subalpine forests decreases with post-fire drought and large stand-replacing burn patches", Glob Ecol Biogeogr, 25(6), pp.655~669 (2016)[DOI]
- Hwang H, "Oak sprout dynamics after a 1996 stand-replacing fire in Korea", For Sci Technol, 7(4), pp.184~191 (2011)[DOI]
- Hwang TH, "Effects of different restoration practices on nutrient loss from sediments after a forest fire in two watersheds", J Ecol Environ, 30(3), pp.265~269 (2007)[DOI]
- Jeon BR, "The analysis on forest fire occurrence characteristics by regional area in Korea from 1990 to 2014 year", J For Environ Sci, 32(2), pp.149~157 (2016)[DOI]
- Johnstone JF, "Decadal observations of tree regeneration following fire in boreal forests", Can J For Res, 34(2), pp.267~273 (2004)[DOI]
- Jung S, "Twenty years of regeneration process for tree species in burnt pine forests with different severity and initial regeneration", J Plant Biol, 66, pp.47~61 (2023)[DOI]
- Kang SJ, "Ecological studies on vegetation recovery of burned field after forest fire", Korean J Ecol, 5(1), pp.54~62 (1982)
- Kim B, "Population dynamics of canopy tree species in burned Pinus densiflora forests for thirteen years following the East Coast fire in 2000", Master, pp.2015
- Kim W, "The secondary succession and species diversity at the burned area of the pine forest", Kor J Ecol, 12(4), pp.285~295 (1989)
- Kim Y, "Effects of post-fire vegetation recovery on soil erosion in vulnerable montane regions in a monsoon climate : a decade of monitoring", J Plant Biol, 64, pp.123~133 (2021)[DOI]
- Korea Forest Research Institute, "The ecological survey report of the Goseong fire area" (1996), Korea Forest Service
- "2019 Statistical yearbook of forestry" (2019)[URL]
- Lee CS, "Changes of landscape pattern and vegetation structure in rural area disturbed by fire", Kor J Ecol, 21(4), pp.389~399 (1998)
- Lee DK, "Korean forests: lessons learned from stories of success and failure" (2010), Korea Forest Research Institute
- Lee J, "Twenty-year natural regeneration process of forest structure and plant species assembly in burned Pinus densiflora forests", Master, pp.2022
- Lee J, "Key factors affecting the initial regeneration following forest fires", Forests, 13(11), pp.1859~ (2022)[DOI]
- Lee KS, "Development of vegetation structure after forest fire in the East Coastal Region, Korea", Kor J Ecol, 27(2), pp.99~106 (2004)[DOI]
- Lee KS, "Seral changes in floristic composition during abandoned field succession after shifting cultivation", Kor J Ecol, 18(2), pp.275~283 (1995)
- Lee SY, "Developing of forest fire occurrence danger index using fuel and topographical characteristics on the condition of ignition point in Korea", Fire Sci Eng, 19(4), pp.75~79 (2005)
- Lee WT, "Plant sociological studies on the Pinus densiflora forest in Korea", Kor J Ecol, 12(4), pp.257~284 (1989)
- McKenzie DA, "Fire-induced shifts in overstory tree species composition and associated understory plant composition in Glacier National Park, Montana", Plant Ecol, 213, pp.207~224 (2012)[DOI]
- Park PS, "Changes in forest disturbance patterns from 1976 to 2005 in South Korea", J Kor Soc For Sci, 98(5), pp.593~601 (2009)
- Reiners WA, "Twenty years of ecosystem reorganization following experimental deforestation and regrowth suppression", Ecol Monogr, 62(4), pp.503~523 (1992)[DOI]
- Rodrigo A, "Direct regeneration is not the only response of mediterranean forests to large fires", Ecology, 85(3), pp.716~729 (2004)[DOI]
- Ryu SR, "Post-fire restoration plan for sustainable forest management in South Korea", Forests, 8(6), pp.188~ (2017)[DOI]
- Seo H, "Enhanced vulnerability to fire by Pinus densiflora forests due to tree morphology and stand structure in Korea", J Plant Biol, 57, pp.48~54 (2014)[DOI]
- Seo HS, "Vulnerability of Pinus densiflora to forest fire based on ignition characteristics", J Ecol Environ, 33(4), pp.343~349 (2010)[DOI]
- Shin M, "Relationship between environment factors and distribution of Pinus densiflora after fire in Goseong, Gangwon Province, Korea", J Kor Soc Environ Restor Technol, 17(2), pp.49~60 (2014)[DOI]
- Shin Y, "Natural regeneration of forests with different burn severity and initial regeneration following forest fire in the East Coast Region, Korea", PhD, pp.2015
- Proceedings of the international symposium on the ecological role of fire, "The Ecological Society of Korea", The Ecological Society of Korea, ~ (2000)
- Report on the East Coast fires in 2000, "The Joint Association for the Investigation of the East Coast Fires", The Joint Association for the Investigation of the East Coast Fires, ~ (2000)
- 2.0.CO;2,
- Vesk PA, "Sprouting ability across diverse disturbances and vegetation types worldwide", J Ecol, 92(2), pp.310~320 (2004)
- Yeochon Association for Ecological Research, "Experiment in Modern Ecology" (2005), Gyomunsa