요한복음 저자의 신성한 익명성
The Sacred Anonymity of the Author of the Fourth Gospel
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이 논문은 제4복음서의 저자에 관한 다양한 견해를 정리하고, 제4복음서가 사랑받는 제자를 예수 사건의 목격자이자 기록자로 소개하면서 신성한 익명성을 유지하는 이유와 효용이 무엇인지 논하는 것이다. 제4복음서의 저자에 관한 선행연구는 실제 저자가 누구이고, 사랑받는 제자와의 관계는 무엇이며, 그 제자를 “내재 저자”로 등장시키는 이유와 기능이 무엇인가를 이론적이고 사변적으로 분석하려는 경향이 강했으나, 이 논문은 초대교회 교부들의 증언과 유대 지혜문헌 관행을 바탕으로 제4복음서의 저자 문제를 논한다. 이를 위하여, ①요한복음 저자에 관한 초대교회 교부들의 입장을 분석하되, 비교적 내용이 분명한 2세기 본문들과 유세비우스(Eusebius of Caesarea)가 보도하는 내용을 포함시킨다. ②또한 근현대 요한복음 주요 주석가들이 제4복음서의 저자에 관한 초대교회 보도를 어떻게 수용하거나 배척했는가를 소개하되, 바우어(F. C. Baur)를 시작으로 한 일련의 학자들이 제4복음서 저자에 관한 초대교회 교부들의 보도를 어떻게 수용하거나 재고했는가를 먼저 다루고, 이어서 현대 주요 주석가들의 입장을 소개한다. ③마지막으로 제4복음서가 예수의 사랑받는 제자를 저자로 제시하는 이유와 효용을 논하되, 내재 저자에 관한 현대문학적 선행연구를 바탕으로 유대 지혜 문헌 관행을 가미하여 접근한다. 요한복음 저자 문제 자체는 새로운 주제가 아니지만, 이 논문은 그에 관한 주요 견해들을 요약·정리하여 제공한다는 점에서 요한복음 연구 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 유대 지혜문학 관점에서 요한복음 저자 문제를 다룬 선행연구가 희박하다는 점에서 이 논문은 후속연구를 위한 작은 시도가 될 것이다.
Abstract
This paper summarizes diverse views on the author(s) of the Fourth Gospel and explores some reasons and functions of its anonymity from a Jewish wisdom literary perspective. Previous studies regarding the author(s) of the Fourth Gospel tended to be the theoretical and speculative about who the actual author was, what his/her relationship with the beloved disciple was, and how many participants contributed to the formation of the Fourth Gospel. Previous analyses that interpret the Beloved Disciple as “implied author” were also speculative and mostly from the contemporary literary perspective. This paper, however, consults the testimonies of the early church fathers regarding the author of the Fourth Gospel, and the scope of consideration includes comparatively clear texts of the second century and some related reports in Eusebius of Caesarea. The paper further discusses how F. C. Baur and his colleagues in the mid to late nineteenth century attempted to reconsider the traditional position of the early church fathers, and how those attempts have amplified scholarly interest of research in the author(s) of the Fourth Gospel. Based on these surveys, this paper suggests that the way the Fourth Gospel sets the anonymous beloved disciple as the implied author is similar to the traditional practice of Jewish wisdom literature in which Solomon is often described as the author with or without revealing his name even 900 years after his death. It seems no coincidence that the description of the Beloved Disciple in John is similar to the expression “him whom my soul loves” in Song of Songs. It seems likely that the Gospel of John reinterprets Jewish wisdom literary tradition in a Christian way, claiming its sacred origin and the divine anonymity of the author.
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