다층적인 탈독점화과정으로서의 민주화와 그 아시아적 유형 - '민주화 이후 민주주의'의 위기와 갈등에 대한 비교정치사회학적 유형화를 위한 기초논의 -

Abstract

The democratic consolidation is generally understood as a settle-down and stabilization of the democratic institutions like a free and fair election, which has been introduced in the democratic transition. However, I tried to make an new explanation of the complex conflicts in the process of the democratic consolidation and post consolidation. Here I defined the dictatorship or authoritarianism not as a regime in which a certain dictator reigns for a long period of time contrary to people’s acceptance and sustains harsh repressive measures, but as a certain form of political monopoly coupled with a certain form of economic and social monopolies. As its corollary of definition of dictatorship as a monopoly complex, democratization including democratic transition, democratic consolidation and post-consolidation, can be defined a process of multi-layered de-monopolization. The political, economic and social monopolies structured in a certain way under the dictatorship come to a challenge of disintegration and they are restructured and recoupled in a new democratic form of institutions. In this process, harsh struggles occur over disintegration and sustainment of the former monopolies and they constitute complex conflicts we experience in the democratization process. Such conflicts may occur over the multi-layered field of political, economic and social monopolies, interacting each other and giving rise to a more complex conflict. In this complex field of conflict, there are an entrenched oligarchic forces which have been in a position of dominant establishment on the one hand, and socio-economic subalterns which have been marginalized and alienated under the dictatorship on the other hand. These two forces conflict each other in a new democratic context. The result of this conflict is expressed in the civil society and defined the direction of mobilization of the civil society, influencing the trajectory of the democratization. Concerning the direction, oppositional mobilization of the civil society occurred under the dictatorship. However, in the early stage of democratization, it changed to self-empowered and subjectified mobilization of the civil society, which means that diverse kinds of social groups and forces expressed their own needs and interests overtly and organize the collective action for enhancing them. In the later stage of democratization, the civil society experiences a kind of ‘conflictual differentiation’, which means that there occurs a more radical and extended self-empowered subjectified mobilization of the civil society on the one hand and a more conservative mobilization of it on the other hand. In addition, the conflict of democratization gets complexified more by such mediating factors as strategy and ability of intervention of the democratic government with anti-dictatorship background, the degree of fixation and freezing of ethnic cleavage and the global neoliberal globalization, which constitutes an international context, different from ‘the second wave of democratization’ in S. Huntington’s words. Based on this discussion, this paper goes on forwards to make a diverse typology of character of the democratization of the Asian countries by way of degree and character of mobilization of the civil society and popular sector, degree of political de-monopolization, and degree of economic and social de- monopolization.