암모니아 노출이 흰다리새우, Litopenaeus vannamei의 혈림프 성분 및 면역반응에 미치는 독성 영향

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of ammonia exposure on the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) by analyzing hematological and immunological parameters. During the experiment, water quality conditions were maintained within the shrimp’s survivable range, with dissolved oxygen at 5.2-5.5 mg/L, salinity at 33.0-33.3 psu, pH at 8.0-8.1, and temperature at 24.5-25.4°C. After 72 hours of ammonia exposure, survival rates remained above 80% at concentrations up to 50 mg/L (total ammonia nitrogen, TAN), and no mortality was observed at concentrations of 25 mg/L or lower. The internal ion concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl⁻ were higher in all treatment groups compared to the control, peaking at 12 hours in the 50 mg/L group before gradually declining. Total protein levels showed no significant changes based on ammonia concentration or exposure duration, although a slight overall decreasing trend was observed. Glucose levels increased sharply up to 6 hours and then gradually declined. Total cholesterol remained relatively stable, showing no significant variation across concentrations or time points. Triglycerides gradually decreased over time, while blood urea nitrogen (BUN) consistently increased regardless of ammonia concentration. Creatinine levels also showed a gradual increase over time. Furthermore, the expression of immune-related genes (proPO, PPAE, Mas, and Ran) was upregulated in shrimp exposed to ammonia.