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노인 아증후군적 우울증 환자의 인지기능 및 삶의 질 저하

Cognitive Impairment and Decreased Quality of Life in Elderly Patients with Subsyndromal Depression

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주제분류정신과학

초록

우울장애는 치매와 함께 노년기 정신장애 가운데 가장 유병률이 높은 질환 중 하나이며, 2020년에는 두 번째로 흔하게 장애를 유발하는 요인으로 예측된다. 특히 노년기 우울증은 우리나라를 비롯하여 노년층 인구가 급증하고 있는 아시아 국가에서 심각한 공중 보건상의 문제로 대두되고 있다.1) 그러나 우울증은 그 복잡한 원인과 더불어 아증후군적 특성 때문에 진단과 치료가 적절하게 이루어지지 못하는 경우가 많다.1)현재 우울증을 정의할 때 주로 정신장애의 진단 및 통계 편람 4판(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disor-ders-4th edition, 이하 DSM-IV)2)의 주요우울장애의 진단기준을 이용하지만, 실제로 임상현장과 지역사회에서 더 쉽게 만날 수 있는 우울증 환자는 DSM-IV의 엄격한 주요우울장애의 진단기준을 만족하지 못하는 경우가 더 많다.3) 그리고, 노년층에서는 주요우울장애 이외의 우울증에서 더 많은 동반질환들이 발견된다.4) 주요우울장애 수준에 못 미치는 이러한 우울증이라도 일상생활 기능과 삶의 질을 저하시키고 자살 또는 기타 원인의 사망의 위험인자로 작용한다. 또한 심리사회적 장애를 증가시킬 뿐만 아니라, 불안장애나 기타기분장애, 물질사용장애로 발전할 위험성을 높이기 때문에 임상적으로 중요하다.5)아증후군적 우울증의 진단기준에 대해 Judd 등은 DSM-IV 의 9개의 우울증상 중에서 우울감 또는 흥미 상실의 핵심증상없이 최소 2개 이상의 증상이 최소 2주 동안에 대부분 또는 항상 동안에 존재하는 경우를 아증후군적 우울증으로 정의하였고,6-8) Lyness 등은 DSM-IV 9개의 우울증상 중에서 증상의지속기간, 연속성에 대한 시간 기준을 요구하지 않았지만, 우울감 또는 흥미의 상실과 같은 핵심증상 한 가지는 꼭 포함하면서 최소 2개 이상의 증상이 있는 경우를 아증후군적 우울증으로 정의하였다.9)10) 일부 그룹에서는 특정 우울척도 점수의절단점(cutoff point)을 기준으로 아증후군적 우울증을 진단하는 등,11-13) 현재까지 통일된 진단기준은 없다. 현재 우리나라에서는 임상에서 흔히 접하게 되는 아증후군적 우울증 환자의 임상적 특징과 그 중요성에 관한 연구가 없는 실정이다. 본 연구는, 아증후군적 우울증 또한 주요우울장애와 마찬가지로 정상 대조군에 비해 인지 기능, 정신 건강 및신체적 건강 등 삶의 질 저하를 야기할 것이라는 가설하에, 우울증을 주소로 정신건강의학과 외래에 내원한 환자를 대상으로 아증후군적 우울증의 빈도와 인구통계학적 특성을 조사하고 정상 대조군과 비교하여 삶의 질의 저하 및 일생 생활에 대한 기능적 손상의 정도를 평가하고자 하였다.

Abstract

ObjectivesZZNon-major depression with fewer symptoms than required for a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-4th edition diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) has consistently been found to be associated with functional impairment. In this study, we aim to estimate the cognitive impairment and the quality of life in elderly patients with subsyndromal depression (SSD) compared with non-depressive elderly (NDE). MethodsZZThe Korean version of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was administered to 194 outpatients with depression and 108 normal controls. SSD is defined as having five or more current depressive symptoms with core depressive symptoms (depressive mood or loss of interest or pleasure) during more than half a day and more than seven days over two weeks. Depression was evaluated by the Korean form of Geriatric Depression Scale of a 15-item short version. Global cognition was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination in the Korean version of CERAD assessment packet (MMSE-KC). Subjective cognitive impairment was assessed by the Subjective Memory Complaint Questionnaire. Quality of life was evaluated by the Korean Version of Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey. ResultsZZThe mean score of the MMSE-KC in the SSD group was lower than that in the NDE group with adjustment for age, gender, and education [F = 4.270, p = 0.04, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)]. If we defined those having Z-score of MMSE-KC < -1.5 as a high risk group of cognitive impairment, the odds ratio for the high risk group of cognitive impairment was 1.86 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.04-3.34] in SSD and 7.57 (95% CI 3.50-16.40) in MDD compared to NDE. The scores of physical component summary (F = 9.274, p = 0.003, ANCOVA) and mental component summary (F = 53.166, p < 0.001, ANCOVA) in the SSD group were lower than those in the NDE group with adjustment for age, gender, and education. ConclusionsZZThe subjects with SSD, as well as those with MDD, showed impairment of global cognition and also experienced low quality of life in both physical and mental aspects, compared to the NDE group.

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