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신경아교세포와 알츠하이머 병

Neuroglial Cell and Alzheimer’s Disease

김정란
대한생물정신의학회 (The Korean Society Of Biological Psychiatry)|2015.05|생물정신의학 (Journal of Korean Society of Biological Psychiatry)|제22권 제2호|pp. 40-49

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참고문헌

키워드

Alzheimer’s disease알츠하이머 병AstrocyteMicroglia별아교세포미세아교세포신경아교세포Neuroglia
주제분류정신과학

초록

알츠하이머 병(Alzheimer’s disease, 이하 AD)은 노년기의가장 흔한 치매이며, 현재까지의 연구 자료에 의하면 AD는위험 인자, 병인, 그리고 신경병리 등에서 상당히 이질적인 질환으로 보인다. 최근까지 AD는 두 가지 주요한 신경병리 특징, 즉 amyloid plaque와 neurofibrillary tangle를 중심으로연구되고 있다. 이 중에서 amyloid plaque는 beta-amyloid(이하 Aβ)가 세포 외 공간에 축적되어 형성된다는 것이 밝혀졌으며, 별아교세포(astrocyte)와 미세아교세포(microgial cell)와같은 신경아교세포(neuroglial cell)들은 Aβ와 관련된 염증반응에 관여하여 병적 과정을 형성하는 것으로 보인다. 신경아교세포는 중추신경계의 항상성 유지 및 방어가 기본적인 기능이다. 신경아교세포는 다양한 항상성 기능에 맞도록 최적화하기 때문에 매우 이질적인 세포 형태를 가지고 있다.1) 별아교세포는 신경아교세포 중 중추신경계에서 가장 풍부한 세포이며 독립적인 구조 단위로 뇌의 회백질(grey matter) 에서 회백질의 미세 구조를 만들어낸다.2) 별아교세포는 신경세포와 혈관 사이에서 대사 기능을 연결하고3)4) glutamate를매개로 세포 외 항상성 유지하고2) 시냅스 전달(synaptic transmission) 에 관여한다.1)5) 또한 미세아교세포는 central nervous system(이하 CNS)의 대식세포(macrophages) 역할을 하며, 병적 상태, 즉 신경퇴갱성 질환, 뇌졸중, 외상성 손상 그리고뇌종양의 침범 등과 같은 상태에서 손상되거나 사망한 세포주변으로 이동하여 둘러싸고 세포 잔해를 제거한다.6) 신경아교세포는 CNS에 가해지는 다양한 형태의 스트레스로 촉발된 불균형을 방어하기 위하여 별아교세포에서 homeostatic system을 작동시킨다. 별아교세포와 미세아교세포가 뇌손상에 반응하여 활성 프로그램을 작동하는 것을 reactive gliosis( astrocytosis 및 미세아교세포 활성)라고 한다.7)8) 별아교세포와 미세아교세포 이외에 희소돌기아교세포(oligodendrocytes), NG2 glial cells과 같은 세포들이 신경아교세포에 포함되지만, AD의 병인과 관련된 연구들에서는 별아교세포와 미세아교세포가 가장 연구가 많고, 본 고찰에서 다양한 신경아교세포와 AD를 살펴보기에는 광범위하여 본고에서는 별아교세포와 미세아교세포를 중심으로 고찰하고자 한다.

Abstract

Neuroglial cells are fundamental for brain homeostasis and defense to intrinsic or extrinsic changes. Loss of their function and overreactivity to stimuli contribute to the aging of brain. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) could be caused by more dramatic response in neuroglia associated with various chemokines and cytokines. Neuroglia of the AD brain shares some phenotypes with aging neuroglia. In addition, neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation are commonly showed in neurodegeneration. Thus neuroglia would be a promising target for therapeutics of AD.

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