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신경아교세포의 정상 기능과 정신장애에서 나타나는 신경아교세포 이상에 대한 고찰

Neuroglial Cells : An Overview of Their Physiological Roles and Abnormalities in Mental Disorders

이경민
대한생물정신의학회 (The Korean Society Of Biological Psychiatry)|2015.05|생물정신의학 (Journal of Korean Society of Biological Psychiatry)|제22권 제2호|pp. 29-33

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참고문헌

키워드

정신장애AstrocyteMental illnessMicroglia별아교세포Oligodendrocyte미세아교세포희소돌기아교세포
주제분류정신과학

초록

뇌(brain)의 가장 기본적인 기능 단위는 “신경세포(neuron)” 가 아니라 “신경세포-신경아교세포(neuroglial cell) 복합체”라는 1980년대의 Bogerts 등1)의 주장에도 불구하고 30 여 년간 신경아교세포는 신경과학 연구분야에서 큰 주목을받지 못하였다. 이런 맥락에서 볼 때, 최근 10여 년은 신경아교세포 연구에 있어 과히 혁명적인 시기라고 할 수 있다. 지금우리는 별아교세포(astrocyte)가 뇌 신경세포들 간의 간격을채워주고 이어주는 풀(glue)로서 기능한다2)는 Camillo Golgi 의 주장에서 벗어나 신경세포의 기능을 직·간접적으로 지지하고 공유한다3)는 사실을 알고 있고, 수초(myelin sheath)를형성하는 희소돌기아교세포(oligodendrocyte)와 뇌에서 면역기능을 담당하는 미세아교세포(microglia) 또한 뇌의 정상기능 유지에 중요하다는 사실을 알고 있다.4)5) 이와 더불어 최근에는 신경아교세포와 주요 정신장애(mental disorders)와의 연관성, 즉 비정상적인 신경아교세포의 발현과 기능이 주요 정신장애의 발병과 증상 유발에 어떤 역할을 하는지에 대한 의문이 크게 주목을 받고 있다. 따라서, 본 종설에서는 뇌에서 관찰되는 주요 신경아교세포의 종류와 정상 기능에 대해 먼저 논하고 주요 정신장애에서 나타난 신경아교세포의 비정상적인 발현 및 기능을 밝힌연구 내용을 중심으로 주요 정신장애와 신경아교세포의 연관성에 대해 알아보고자 한다.

Abstract

The brain maintains homeostasis and normal microenvironment through dynamic interactions of neurons and neuroglial cells to perform the proper information processing and normal cognitive functions. Recent post-mortem investigations and animal model studies demonstrated that the various brain areas such as cerebral cortex, hippocampus and amygdala have abnormalities in neuroglial numbers and functions in subjects with mental illnesses including schizophrenia, dementia and mood disorders like major depression and bipolar disorder. These findings highlight the putative role and involvement of neuroglial cells in mental disorders. Herein I discuss the physiological roles of neuroglial cells such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia in maintaining normal brain functions and their abnormalities in relation to mental disorders. Finally, all these findings could serve as a useful starting point for potential therapeutic concept and drug development to cure unnatural behaviors and abnormal cognitive functions observed in mental disorders.

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