유럽공동체(EC) 카르텔 자진신고자에 대한 과징금 감면정책과 그 시사점
The EC Leniency Policy on the Whistle Blowers in Cartel Cases and Its Lessons
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초록
카르텔은 경쟁제한 행위들 중에서도 가장 심각한 유형의 경쟁법 위반행위로서 심지어 형사처분까지 포함하여 각국의 경쟁법규는 이를 엄하게 처벌하고 있다. 그러나 카르텔의 은밀한 속성상 그 적발이 용이하지 아니하여 경쟁당국들은 자진신고자들에게 과징금 감면의 혜택을 주어 엄한 처벌과 함께 자진신고를 통한 카르텔 와해와 사전예방을 추구하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 1996년부터 카르텔 자진신고자에 대한 과징금 감면제도를 도입한 유럽공동체가 세 번에 걸친 감면정책의 변화를 통해 꾀한 정책적 목적 및 그 수단들, 특히 그중에서도 현행 감면고시가 추구하고 있는 자진신고자들을 위한 법적 불확실성의 제거, 비(非)자진신고자와 비교하여 오히려 소송절차에서 불리한 지위에 놓이는 것을 방지하기 위해 고안한 제도에 관하여 살펴보고, 그 과정에서 우리의 과징금 감면정책에 반영할 만한 정책적 내용이 무엇인지 고찰하였다. 이를 통해 필자는 현행 우리 공정거래법상의 감면조치의 대상에 ‘시정조치'가 포함되어 있는 점, 조사 후 협조자에 대하여도 과징금 완전면책이 되거나 감경의 폭이 지나치게 넓다는 점 등에 대하여 의문을 제기하고, 제3국 법정에서의 자진신고 사업자에 대한 불이익을 막기 위해 사업자 진술 등 증거의 채취, 보관, 이용에 관한 엄격한 기준을 수립할 필요성이 있다는 사실을 지적하였다.
Abstract
Cartel is one of the most serious violations of competition law, so it is (should be) severely punished by every competition authorities, even the participant's staffs being sentenced to imprisonment. However, since its covert disposition makes it disclosed, competition authorities are trying to dissolve and prevent cartels through the leniency policy to the 'whistle blower' as well as harsh retribution. In this article, the author has studied and searched in why the EC Commission has changed its leniency program since 1996, when its first Notice had been introduced. The focuses are on the goal and means of Commission's current leniency program, especially on the way of removing legal uncertainty, and worse position in the public or civil judicial procedure than those cartel participants who keep silent. While exploring this topic, some useful ideas are compared with our leniency system to enable to carry its policy reasonably. The author cannot agree with the policy that the absolute immunity contains not only the fines but also remedy measures, and that the cooperator after the investigation might enjoy the equal benefits as the whistle blower. This article also shows that we need to establish the criteria on how the evidences are collected, placed, and used to protect the whistle blower's adverse legal position in the third countries' court.
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