Nuns in Himalayan Buddhist Traditions: Transmission, Adaptation, Innovation(히말라야 불교 전통의 여성 출가자들: 전승과 적응 그리고 혁신)
Nuns in Himalayan Buddhist Traditions: Transmission, Adaptation, Innovation
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Since the seventh century, when Buddhism arrived in Tibet from India, women have been devoted followers of the Buddha. Over the centuries, unique forms of Buddhist culture evolved not only in Tibet, but also in the Indian Himalayan region, Nepal, Bhutan, Mongolia, Sikkim, and several republics of Russia. Throughout the process of transmission and adaptation, women have practiced Buddhist teachings and eminent female practitioners emerged, but Buddhist institutions and prominent teachers have been almost exclusively male. In the late 20th century, this pattern of male domination began to change as women sought Buddhist education and female monastic communities developed, especially in India, Nepal, and Tibet. Devout Buddhist laywomen typically observe five precepts and nuns observe the ten precepts of a novice, but a lineage of full bhikṣunī ordination apparently never reached Tibet from India. In recent decades, as Tibetan and Himalayan nuns have been exposed to Buddhist traditions other than their own, they have become aware of the existence of thousands of bhikṣunīs in countries such as China, Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Some of these nuns have become inspired to receive full ordination, but the path to establishing full ordination for women in the Tibetan tradition has been slow and sometimes rocky. This paper will trace the history of Tibetan and Himalayan nuns and the movement to gain full ordination opportunities, including the breakthroughs and both internal and external hindrances the nuns have encountered. 7세기 인도에서 티베트로 불교가 전해진 이래 여성들은 석가모니 부처님의 헌신적인 제자가 되었다. 수 세기에 걸쳐 티베트뿐만 아니라 인도 히말라야 지역의 네팔, 부탄, 몽고, 시킴, 그리고 러시아의 여러 공화국에서 독특한 형태의 불교 문화가 발전했다. 여성들은 전승과 적응의 과정을 거치면서 불교의 가르침을 실천했고 걸출한 여성 수행자들도 나타났다. 하지만 불교의 행정기관과 뛰어난 승려의 지위는 대부분 남성에 의해 점유되었다. 20세기 후반, 여성이 불교 교육을 추구하고 여성 사원 공동체가 특히 인도, 네팔, 티베트에서 발전함에 따라 이러한 남성 지배 패턴이 바뀌기 시작했다. 불교 재가신도는 일반적으로 5계를 지키고, 여승들은 10계를 수지하지만, 비구니 구족계는 인도에서 티베트로 도입되지 않은 것으로 보인다. 최근 수십 년 동안 티베트와 히말라야 여승들은 다른 불교 전통을 접하면서 중국, 한국, 대만, 베트남과 같은 나라에 수천 명의 비구니가 존재한다는 사실을 알게 되었다. 이 여승 중 일부는 구족계 수계를 염원했으나 티베트 전통에서 여성을 위한 구족계 확립 과정은 느리고 때로는 험난했다. 이 논문은 히말라야 지역에서 여승들이 직면했던 내부 및 외부의 장애와 그 극복 과정을 살펴보면서 티베트와 히말라야 여승을 위한 구족계 수계 운동의 역사를 추적할 것이다.
Abstract
Since the seventh century, when Buddhism arrived in Tibet from India, women have been devoted followers of the Buddha. Over the centuries, unique forms of Buddhist culture evolved not only in Tibet, but also in the Indian Himalayan region, Nepal, Bhutan, Mongolia, Sikkim, and several republics of Russia. Throughout the process of transmission and adaptation, women have practiced Buddhist teachings and eminent female practitioners emerged, but Buddhist institutions and prominent teachers have been almost exclusively male. In the late 20th century, this pattern of male domination began to change as women sought Buddhist education and female monastic communities developed, especially in India, Nepal, and Tibet. Devout Buddhist laywomen typically observe five precepts and nuns observe the ten precepts of a novice, but a lineage of full bhikṣunī ordination apparently never reached Tibet from India. In recent decades, as Tibetan and Himalayan nuns have been exposed to Buddhist traditions other than their own, they have become aware of the existence of thousands of bhikṣunīs in countries such as China, Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Some of these nuns have become inspired to receive full ordination, but the path to establishing full ordination for women in the Tibetan tradition has been slow and sometimes rocky. This paper will trace the history of Tibetan and Himalayan nuns and the movement to gain full ordination opportunities, including the breakthroughs and both internal and external hindrances the nuns have encountered.
참고문헌 (46)
- Bhikkhu Anālayo, "Mahāpajāpatī’s Going Forth in the Madhyama -āgama", The Journal of Buddhist Ethics (2011)
- Bhikkhu Anālayo, "The Legality of Bhikkhunī Ordination", Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 20, pp.325~ (2013)
- Changchub, Gyalwa, "Lady of the Lotus-Born: The Life and Enlightenment of Yeshe Tsogyal" (2002), Shambhala
- Chönam, Lama, "The Lives and Liberation of Princess Mandarava: The Indian Consort of Padmasambhava" (2015), Wisdom Publications
- Coberly. Margaret, "Tsomo, Buddhist Women and Social Justice: Ideals, Challenges, and Achievements", pp.195~204 (2004), State University of New York Press
- Devine, Carol, "Tibetan Women", Canadian Women’s Studies, 1994, pp.15(2&3), 73~75
- Diemberger, Hildegard, "Janet Gyatso and Hanna Havnevik, Women in Tibet: Past and Present", pp.113~168 (2005), Columbia University Press
- Diemberger, Hildegard, "When a Woman Becomes a Religious Dynasty: The Samding Dorje Phagmo of Tibet" (2007), Columbia University Press
- Dowman, Keith, "Sky Dancer: The Secret Life and Songs of the Lady Yeshe Tsogyel" (1996), Snow Lion
- Gayley, Holly, "Love Letters from Golok: A Tantric Couple in Modern Tibet" (2017), Columbia University Press
- Gayley, Holly, "Inseparable Across Lifetimes : The Lives and Love Letters of the Tibetan Visionaries Namtrul Rinpoche and Khandro Tare Lhamo" (2019), Shambhala
- Gayley, Holly, "Voices from Larung Gar : Shaping Tibetan Buddhism for the Twenty-First Century(Boulder" (2021), Shambhala Publications
- Gyalwa Changchub and Namkhai Nyingpo, "Lady of the Lotus-Born: The Life and Enlightenment of Yeshe Tsogyal" (2002), Shambhala Publications
- Gyalwa Changchub, "Love Letters from Golok: A Tantric Couple in Modern Tibet" (2017), Columbia University Press
- Gutschow, Kim, "Being a Buddhist Nun: The Struggle for Enlightenment" (2004), Harvard University Press
- Gyatso, Janet, "Willis, Feminine Ground", pp.33~51 (1987), Snow Lion Publications
- Gyatso, Janet and Hanna Havnevik, "Women in Tibet: Past and Present" (2005), Columbia University Press
- Haas, Michaela, "Dakini Power : Twelve Extraordinary Women Shaping the Transmission of Tibetan Buddhism in the West" (2013), Shambhala
- Harding, Sarah, "Machik’s Complete Explanation: Clarifying the Meaning of Chöd" (2003), Snow Lion Publications
- Jacoby, Sarah H, "Love and Liberation: Autobiographical Writings of the Tibetan Buddhist Visionary Sera Khandro" (2016), Columbia University Press
- Klein, Anne Carolyn, "Meeting the Great Bliss Queen: Buddhists, Feminists, and the Art of the Self" (2008), Snow Lion
- Kunga, Drime, "The Life and Visions of Yeshe Tsogyal: The Autobiography of the Great Wisdom Queen" (2017), Shambhala
- LaMacchia, Linda, "Songs and Lives of the Jomo(Nuns)of Kinnaur, Northwest India : Women’s Religious Expression in Tibetan Buddhism" (2008), Sri Satguru
- Lama Chonam, "The Lives and Liberation of Princess Mandarava : The Indian Consort of Padmasambhava(Somerville" (2015), Wisdom Publications
- Li, Yuchen, "Innovative Buddhist Women: Richmond", pp.168~198 (2000), Curzon
- MacKenzie, Vicki, "Cave in the Snow : A Western Woman’s Quest for Enlightenment" (1998), Bloomsbury Publishing
- MacKenzie, Vicki, "The Revolutionary Life of Freda Bedi: British Feminist, Indian Nationalist, Buddhist Nun" (2017), Shambhala
- Makley, Charlene E., "The Violence of Liberation : Gender and Tibetan Buddhist Revival in Post-Mao China" (2007), University of California Press
- Martin, Dan, "Women in Tibet", pp.49~82 (2005)
- Pachen, Ani, "Sorrow Mountain: The Journey of a Tibetan Warrior Nun" (2000), Kodansha America
- Padma‘tsho, "Eminent Buddhist Women", pp.185~194 (2014), State University of New York Press
- Roloff, Carola, "The Buddhist Nun´s Ordination in the Tibetan Canon: Possibilities of the Revival of the Mūlasarvāstivāda Bhiksunī Lineage" (2021), projektverlag
- Sarah Harding, "Machik’s Complete Explanation: Clarifying the Meaning of Chöd" (2003), Snow Lion Publications
- Schaeffer, Kurtis R, "Women in Tibet: Past and Present", pp.83~109 (2005), Columbia University Press
- Schaeffer, Kurtis R, "Himalayan Hermitess: The Life of a Tibetan Buddhist Nun" (2004), Oxford University Press
- Shakya, Min Bahadur, "The Life and Contribution of the Nepalese Princess Bhrikuti Devi to Tibetan History(from Tibetan Sources)" (2002), Pilgrims Publishing
- Thea Mohr, "Dignity & Discipline: The Evolving Role of Women in Buddhism" (2009), Wisdom Publications
- Tsedroen, Bhiksunī Jampa, "Buddhist Nuns’ Ordination in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya Tradition : Two Possible Approaches", Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 23 (2016)
- Tsomo, Karma Lekshe, "Sisters in Solitude : Two Traditions of Buddhist Monastic Ethics for Women, A Comparative Analysis of the Dharmagupta and Mūlasarvāstivāda Bhiksunī Prātimoksa Sūtras" (1996), State University of New York Press
- Tsomo, Karma Lekshe, "Buddhist Women Across Cultures: Realizations", pp.169~189 (1999), State University of New York Press
- Tsomo, Karma Lekshe, "Eminent Buddhist Women", pp.195~209 (2014), State University of New York Press
- Tsomo, Karma Lekshe, "Buddhism in Mongolian History, Society, and Culture", pp.261~279 (2015), Oxford University Press
- Tsomo, Karma Lekshe, "Prayers of Resistance: Kalmyk Women’s Covert Buddhist Practice", Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, 20(1), pp.86~98 (2016)
- Tsomo, Karma Lekshe, "Tibet: Theocracy to Democracy", pp.368~393 (2016), Har-Anand Publications
- Tsomo, Karma Lekshe, "Imagining Enlightenment: Icons and Ideology in Vajrayāna Buddhist Practice", Journal of Dharma Studies: Philosophy, Theology, Ethics , and Culture, 1 (2018)
- Vargas-O’Brian, Ivette M., "The Life of dGe slong ma dPal mo: The Experience of a Leper, Founder of a Fasting Ritual, a Transmitter of Buddhist Teachings on Suffering and Renunciation in Tibetan Religious History", Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 24(2), pp.157~186 (2001)