유럽의 법관 임용제도와 사법위원회 - 이탈리아, 프랑스, 네덜란드에 관하여 -
The Judicial Appointment Systems and Councils of the Judiciary in EU Countries -Italy, France, and the Netherlands-
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초록
우리나라는 2011년 법원조직법 개정으로 유럽의 대륙법계 국가들과 같은 즉시임용제가 아닌 충분한 법조경력을 가진 자 중에서 법관을 임용하는 보통법계 법조일원화 방식의 법관 임용제도를 도입하였다. 우리 법관 임용제도는 현재 즉시임용제에서 법조일원화로 나아가는 과도기에 있다고 볼 수 있다. 법관 임용제도는 각 나라의 사법체계에 따라 다양하게 나타나기 때문에 단지 법관임용에 필요한 법조경력을 늘린다고 하여 성공적인 법조일원화가 달성되기는 어렵다. 법관 임용제도의 개혁은 기존의 인사제도와 관행 나아가 전반적인 사법제도를 고려하여 정밀하게 설계되어야 효과를 거둘 수 있다. 최근에는 즉시임용제를 채택한 유럽식 사법위원회를 참조하여 법원 외부에서 법관임용에 관여하는 방안이 논의되고 있다. 유럽의 사법위원회는 프랑스법계(이탈리아, 프랑스, 네덜란드) 국가에서 널리 받아들여지고 있으나 그중 이탈리아, 프랑스는 전통적인 남유럽 모델을, 네덜란드는 북유럽 모델을 택하고 있다. 이 글에서는 이들 유럽 3개국의 사법체계와 법관 임용제도를 중심으로 보되 그 가운데 사법위원회의 법관임용에서의 역할도 함께 살펴본다.
Abstract
With the revision of the Court Organization Act in 2011, South Korea introduced a new judicial appointment system, modelled after the common law appointment system, that unified the legal profession by selecting judges from practicing lawyers and prosecutors who possessed sufficient legal experience. The judicial appointment system of Korea between 2011 and 2026 is in a state of transition from the European civil law system (where judges are appointed immediately following a judicial training program) to the English common law system (where judges are selected from practicing lawyers and prosecutors who possessed sufficient legal experience). However, since systems for recruiting and appointing judges varies among different legal systems, extending the period of practicing as lawyers to become a judge after English system itself does not guarantee the success of reforming judicial appointment system. Recently, with reference to the European Judiciary Committee, which adopted current judge system, a plan to introduce Councils of the Judiciary which engage in the appointment of judges outside the court is being discussed. The European Council of Judiciary is widely accepted in the French legal system (Italy, France, and the Netherlands), but among them, Italy and France adopt the traditional Southern European model, and the Netherlands adopts the Northern European model. This article examines the judicial system and the appointment system of these three European countries, along with the role of the Council of the Judiciary in the appointment of judges. The implications drawn from the comparative legal analysis may shed light on how Korean courts could achieve effective judicial appointment system.
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