조선 후기 <周禮>의 수용과 國家禮 — 반계 유형원의 國家禮와 <주례>의 이념 —

Abstract

This study is to examine ‘Bangye Yu Hyeong-Won’s Idea of National Ritual Zhouli’ on ‘Acceptance of Zhouli and National Ritual in Late Joseon.’ As is generally known, Yu Hyeong-Won is the father of Realist School of Confucianism and through his writing Bangyesurok, he tried to renew Joseon society based on the idea of Zhouli (周禮). His writing Bangyesurok first started as nine-square field system (井田制) collapsed, which led disappearance of public field (公田) and persistiveness of private field (私田). In other words, he believed that expansion of private field deepened merger of land, which accelerated fall of peasants and consequently, incurred a crisis. Thus, he tried to arrange measures both to reinforce national control over land through public field system and to protect peasants through distributing rights for field harvest (收田權) on Bangyesurok. Second, he supposed that legal system had been enacted to meet one’s selfish interests and desires [私欲] after Qin-Han (秦漢) and its contradictions had not been solved, which caused evils to be accumulated. Third, he criticized that reclusive scholars and those who wished to be government officials did not pay enough attention on study of governing. Philosophical basis of Bangyesurok is particularly upon an idea of publicness, an ideology of Zhouli and the notion of this idea of publicness has a structure of ‘publicness (公) → pure mind not contaminated with selfish interests (道心) → pure virtue (純善),’ a contrast to ‘privateness (私) → human mind with selfish interests and desires (人心(欲)) → evil (不善)’ and it is connected to theory of human mind and moral mind (人心道心說) on study of human nature. Yu Hyeong-Won grasped moral mind as Li (理) and human mind as Qi (氣); connected them to the law of nature (天理) and human desire (人欲) yet again and; considered Li (理) as logic of things (物之理) of actual logic (實理) - this philosophical system served as foundation of Bangyesurok. In other words, Yu Hyeong-Won argued establishment of public field and implementation of public field system through his own philosophical stance, which is reflection of his ideological features to find dignity and actuality of Li (理) in reality.