데살로니가전서 5장 1-11절에 나타난 “빛의 자녀”의 의미 고찰: 아모스 5장 18-20절과 쿰란 문서에 비추어서
Understanding of “Children of Light” in 1 Thessalonians 5:1-11 in Light of Amos 5:18-20 and the Qumran Documents
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본 연구는 데살로니가전서의 권면부(4-5장)에서 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있는 5장 1-11절에 드러난 바울의 주요 논지를 파악하고자 한다. 주어진 본문에서 바울은 “주의 날”(ἡμέρα κυρίου)에 외인(비신자)과 내부 공동체(신자)가 직면할 상반된 최후 결말을 대비시킴으로써 데살로니가 신자들의 정체성 및 에토스 형성을 하고 있음을 밝혀내고자 한다. 외인(비신자)들은 “평안”과 “안전”에 대하여 긍정적으로 전망하였는데, 고대 데살로니가는 로마 제국이 부여한 “자유 도시”(civitas libera)로서의 지위를 누리면서, 경제적 번영과 정치적 안정에 의존했다. 그러나 주의 날이 임할 때, 실상은 그들의 기대와 달리 해산의 고통과 같은 갑작스러운 멸망의 결과를 마주하게 될 것이다(5:3). 한편, 바울은 데살로니가 신자들이 주의 날에 임할 하나님의 진노를 받지 않을 것이라고 이야기하면서 신자들의 정체성을 “빛의 자녀들”로 명시한다. 바울이 보여주는 “빛”과 “어둠” 은유가 가지는 함의에 관하여, 지금까지 대부분 데살로니가전서 주석가들이나 학자들은 “빛”과 “어둠”의 은유가 단순히 도덕적인 함의를 내포하는 것으로 여겨왔다. 그러나 본 연구는 이 은유들이 단순히 도덕적인 함의를 넘어서, 신자들의 총체적이며 전인적인 특성, 즉 그들이 속해 있는 영역, 그들의 존재론적 정체성과 에토스를 나타내기 위함이라고 주장한다. 특별히, “빛의 자녀들”이라는 은유가 반향하는, 개연성 있는 유대적 배경들과 본문 간의 유사성에 주목함으로써 어떻게 그 반향들이 이 은유들의 포괄적 함의를 뒷받침하며, 본문의 논지를 분명히 세워가는데 있어서 기여하는지에 대하여 살펴본다. 구체적으로, 본문에 나타나는 두 상반된 집단을 가리키는 이 은유들은 구체적으로 아모스 5장 18-20절에 나타나는 “빛”과 “어둠”의 대조와 쿰란문서에 등장하는 “빛의 자녀”의 개념에 의해 명확해질 수 있다고 주장한다. 이 두 상반된 개념이 구약에서 사용된 용례들과 다른 몇몇 유대적 배경들과의 연관성을 짓는 것이 본문의 논지를 밝혀내는데 있어서 중요하다. 단순히 본문에 반향된 유대적 배경에 대한 가능성 자체를 논하는 차원을 넘어서, 유대적 배경들과 본문에 드러난 저자의 논지 사이의 연결성을 확립하고자 하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다.
Abstract
This study examines Paul’s major thrust in 1 Thessalonians 5:1-11, which is located in the apex of this letter’s paraenetic part. In this text, the expression, ἡμέρα κυρίου (the Day of the Lord) is a significant rhetorical (discursive) situation in which the fate of outsider and insider is contrasted and thereby intends to shape the community’s identity and ethos. The first century Thessalonica having a status of “civitas libera” relied on the “peace” and “security”; this slogan indicates that they had privileges of economic prosperity and political stability brought by the Roman Empire. However, the Day of the Lord would betray their expectation of peace and security since the Day would bring sudden destruction upon them (5:3). On the other hand, the Thessalonians believers are not in “darkness” since they would not be affected by God’s wrath on the eschaton; God destined the believers to obtain salvation through Jesus Christ (5:9). Prominently, Paul describes the identity of the Thessalonians as “Children of Light.” Unfortunately, many Thessalonian commentators and scholars have understood the light metaphor merely in an ethical sense. But this study argues that this metaphor is more inclusive, connoting the believers’ sense of belonging, spiritual status and a realm where God’s wrath does not affect, and ethos. In particular, the implication of the metaphors (light and darkness) would be clarified by focusing on the similarities between our text and some probable Jewish backgrounds behind them. Specifically, the implication of two contrasting groups in this Paul’s letter can be illuminated by comparing with Amos 5:18-20 and the expression of “sons of light” (בני אור) in some Qumranian documents. Appreciating the similarities with the documents would lead interpreters to identify more inclusive implication of the light metaphor.
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