Intergenerational Mobility in Education: Estimates of the Worldwide Variation
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This paper uses the recently published “Global Database on Intergenerational Mobility” to present a detailed picture of the chances of such mobility around the world. The empirical results obtained from transition matrices and linear regression models, being furthermore based on harmonized data for the education attainments of children and their parents across 148 countries worldwide, point to three main conclusions: First, the likelihood of attaining intergenerational mobility differs widely across countries and world regions. Second, intergenerational persistence in education level is particularly strong in least-developed countries. Third and finally, and perhaps most importantly, the mobility gap between rich and poor countries has increased over time.
Abstract
This paper uses the recently published “Global Database on Intergenerational Mobility” to present a detailed picture of the chances of such mobility around the world. The empirical results obtained from transition matrices and linear regression models, being furthermore based on harmonized data for the education attainments of children and their parents across 148 countries worldwide, point to three main conclusions: First, the likelihood of attaining intergenerational mobility differs widely across countries and world regions. Second, intergenerational persistence in education level is particularly strong in least-developed countries. Third and finally, and perhaps most importantly, the mobility gap between rich and poor countries has increased over time.
참고문헌 (107)
- Aaberge, R., "Income Inequality and Income Mobility in the Scandinavian Countries Cmpared to the United States", Review of Income and Wealth, 48(4), pp.443~469 (2002)
- Aaronson, D., "Intergenerational Economic Mobility in the United States, 1940 to 2000", Journal of Human Resources, 43(1), pp.139~172 (2008)
- Acemoglu, D., "The Political Economy of the Kuznets Curve", Review of Development Economics, 6(2), pp.183~203 (2002)
- Altham, P. M., "Comparing Contingency Tables Tools for Analyzing Data from Two Groups Cross-Classified by Two Characteristics", Historical Methods : A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History, 40(1), pp.3~16 (2007)
- Anger, S., "Do Smart Parents Raise Smart Children? The Intergenerational Transmission of Cognitive Abilities", Journal of Population Economics, 23(3), pp.1105~1132 (2010)
- Arifin, M. H., "The Role of Higher Education in Promoting Social Mobility in Indonesia", European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 6(1), pp.233~241 (2017)
- Ayala, L., "The Structure of Income Mobility : Empirical Evidence from Five UE Countries", Empirical Economics, 35(3), pp.451~473 (2008)
- Aydemir, A., "Intergenerational Education Mobility among the Children of Canadian Immigrants", Canadian Public Policy, 39(Supplement 1), pp.107~122 (2013)
- Azam, M., "Like Father, Like Son? Intergenerational Educational Mobility in India", Demography, 52(6), pp.1929~1959 (2015)
- Bautier, E., "What PISA Really Evaluates : Literacy or Students’ Universes of Reference?", Journal of Educational Change, 8(4), pp.359~364 (2007)
- Bazzi, M., "Time-Varying Transition Probabilities for Markov Regime Switching Models", Journal of Time Series Analysis, 38(3), pp.458~478 (2017)
- Becker, G. S., "An Equilibrium Theory of the Distribution of Income and Intergenerational Mobility", Journal of Political Economy, 87(6), pp.1153~1189 (1979)
- Becker, G. S., "Human Capital and The Rise and Fall of Families", Journal of Labor Economics, 4(3, Part 2), pp.1~39 (1986)
- Behrman, J. R., "Intergenerational Mobility in Latin America: Deeper Markets and Better Schools Make a Difference, Volume 3, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace" (1999), Global Policy Program
- Inequality of Outcomes, Inequality of Opportunities and Intergenerational Education Mobility in Brazil, "Bourguignon, F.", World Bank, 149~, pp.Inequality and Economic Development in Brazil, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3174 (2001)
- Björklund, A., "Intergenerational Income Mobility and the Role of Family Background", Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality, 49, pp.1~521 (2009)
- Recent Developments in Intergenerational Mobility, "Black, S. E.", National Bureau of Economic Research, ~, pp.No. w15889 (2010)
- Blanden, J., "Cross-Country Rankings in Intergenerational Mobility : A Comparison of Approaches from Economics and Sociology", Journal of Economic Surveys, 27(1), pp.38~73 (2013)
- Blanden, J., "Recent Developments in Intergenerational Mobility", The Labour Market in Winter : The State of Working Britain, 19, pp.0~202 (2011)
- Education and Intergenerational Mobility: Help Or Hindrance?, "Blanden, J.", Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, The London School of Economics and Political Science, ~, pp.Working Paper 8 (2014)
- Boudreaux, C. J., "Jumping off of the Great Gatsby Curve : How Institutions Facilitate Entrepreneurship and Intergenerational Mobility", Journal of Institutional Economics, 10(2), pp.231~255 (2014)
- Brahim, S. A., "Inequality and Mobility : Gatsby in the Americas", Modern Economy, 7(5), pp.643~655 (2016)
- Bratberg, E., "A Comparison of Intergenerational Mobility Curves in Germany, Norway, Sweden, and the US", The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 119(1), pp.72~101 (2017)
- Breen, R., "Education and Social Mobility : New Analytical Approaches", European Sociological Review, 30(1), pp.107~118 (2013)
- "Welfare Reform and Work Act 2016" (2016)[URL]
- Brown, S., "Following In Your Parents' Footsteps? Empirical Analysis of Matched Parent-Offspring Test Scores", Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 73(1), pp.40~58 (2011)
- Non-Cognitive Skills and Personality Traits : Labour Market Relevance and Their Development in Education & Training Systems, "Brunello, G.", IZA, ~, pp.IZA Discussion Paper, No. 5743 (2011)
- Card, D., "The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings", Handbook of Labor Economics, 3, pp.1801~1863 (1999)
- Checchi, D., "More Equal But Less Mobile? : Education Financing and Intergenerational Mobility in Italy and in the US", Journal of Public Economics, 74(3), pp.351~393 (1999)
- Checchi, D., "Intergenerational Persistence of Educational Attainment in Italy", Economics Letters, 118(1), pp.229~232 (2013)
- Chetty, R., "Where is the Land of Opportunity? The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States", The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129(4), pp.1553~1623 (2014)
- Chetty, R., "Is the United States Still a Land of Opportunity? Recent Trends in Intergenerational Mobility", American Economic Review, 104(5), pp.141~147 (2014)
- A Multi-Country Study of Intergenerational Educational Mobility, "Chevalier, A.", ~, pp.No. 03 (2003), 14
- Corak, M., "Generational Income Mobility in North America and Europe: An Introduction" (2004), Cambridge University Press
- Corak, M., "Dynamics of Inequality and Poverty", pp.143~188 (2006), Emerald Group Publishing Limited
- Corak, M., "Income Inequality, Equality of Opportunity, and Intergenerational Mobility", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(3), pp.79~102 (2013)
- Corak, M., "A Comparison of Upward and Downward Intergenerational Mobility in Canada, Sweden and the United States", Labour Economics, 30, pp.185~200 (2014)
- Corneo, G., "Income Inequality from a Lifetime Perspective", Empirica, 42(2), pp.225~239 (2015)
- Cunha, F., "The Technology of Skill Formation", American Economic Review, 97(2), pp.31~47 (2007)
- Cunha, F., "Interpreting the Evidence on Life Cycle Skill Formation", Handbook of the Economics of Education, 1, pp.697~812 (2006)
- Daouli, J., "Mothers, Fathers and Daughters : Intergenerational Transmission of Education in Greece", Economics of Education Review, 29(1), pp.83~93 (2010)
- Ascendance by Descendants? On Intergenerational Education Mobility in Latin America, "Daude, C. .", OECD, ~, pp.Working paper No. 297 (2011)
- De Maio, F. G., "Income Inequality Measures", Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 61(10), pp.849~852 (2007)
- Dorfman, R., "A formula for the GINI Coefficient", The Review of Economics and Statistics, 61(1), pp.146~149 (1979)
- Duncan, G., "Unequal Chances: Family Background and Economic Success", pp.23~79 (2005), Princeton University Press
- Eswaran, M., "Implications of Credit Constraints for Risk Behaviour in Less Developed Economies", Oxford Economic Papers, 42(2), pp.473~482 (1990)
- The Great Gatsby Curve in China: Cross-sectional Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility, "Fan, Y.", CUHK, ~ (2015)
- Ferreira, S. G., "Intergenerational Mobility of Wages in Brazil", Brazilian Review of Econometrics, 26(2), pp.181~211 (2006)
- Fox, L., "The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty", pp.1~34 (2016), Oxford University Press
- Ganzeboom, H. B., "Access to Education in Six Eastern European Countries Between 1940 and 1985. Results of a Cross-National Survey", Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 32(4), pp.339~357 (1999)
- Goldberger, A. S., "Economic and Mechanical Models of Intergenerational Transmission", The American Economic Review, 79(3), pp.504~513 (1989)
- Grawe, N. D., "Primary and Secondary School Quality and Intergenerational Earnings Mobility", Journal of Human Capital, 4(4), pp.331~364 (2010)
- Grawe, N. D., "Economic Interpretations of Intergenerational Correlations", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(3), pp.45~58 (2002)
- Gregg, P., "Family Income, Education and Cognitive Ability in the Next Generation : Exploring Income Gradients in Education and Test Scores for Current Cohorts of Youth", Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 1(3), pp.259~280 (2010)
- Gregorio, J. D., "Education and Income Inequality : New Evidence from Cross-Country Data", Review of Income and Wealth, 48(3), pp.395~416 (2002)
- Güell, M., "Correlating Social Mobility and Economic Outcomes", The Economic Journal, 128(612), pp.353~403 (2018)
- Guner, N., "Gary Becker's Legacy on Intergenerational Mobility", Journal of Demographic Economics, 81(1), pp.33~43 (2015)
- Harding, D. J., "The Changing Effect of Family Background on the Incomes of American Adults", Unequal Chances : Family Background and Economic Success, (Chapter 3), pp.100~144 (2005)
- Haveman, R., "The Role of Higher Education in Social Mobility", The Future of Children, 16(2), pp.125~150 (2006)
- Heckman, J. J., "Returns to Education : The Causal Effects of Education on Earnings, Health and Smoking", Journal of Political Economy, 126(1), pp.197~246 (2016)
- Heckman, J. J., "Earnings Functions, Rates of Return and Treatment Effects : The Mincer Equation and Beyond", Handbook of the Economics of Education, 1, pp.307~458 (2006)
- Heckman, J. J., "The Productivity Argument for Investing in Young Children", Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 29(3), pp.446~493 (2007)
- Heineck, G., "Intergenerational Transmission of Educational Attainment in Germany : The Last Five Decades", Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, 229(1), pp.36~60 (2009)
- Hertz, T., "Trends in the Intergenerational Elasticity of Family Income in the United States", Industrial Relations : A Journal of Economy and Society, 46(1), pp.22~50 (2007)
- Hertz, T., "The Inheritance of Educational Inequality : International Comparisons and Fifty Year Trends", The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 7(2), pp.1~46 (2007)
- Holter, H. A., "Accounting for Cross-Country Differences in Intergenerational Earnings Persistence : The Impact of Taxation and Public Education Expenditure", Quantitative Economics, 6(2), pp.385~428 (2015)
- American Exceptionalism in a New Light: A Comparison of Intergenerational Earnings Mobility in the Nordic Countries, the United Kingdom and the United States, "Jäntti, M.", IZA, ~, pp.IZA Discussion Paper No. 1938 (2006)
- Jäntti, M., "Handbook of Income Distribution", pp.807~935 (2015), Elsevier
- Jäntti, M., "Income Inequality, Intergenerational Mobility, and the Great Gatsby Curve : Is Education the Key?", Social Forces, 94(2), pp.505~533 (2015)
- Jerrim, J., "Income Inequality, Intergenerational Mobility, and the Great Gatsby Curve : Is Education the Key?", Social Forces, 94(2), pp.505~533 (2015)
- "The Rise and Consequences of Inequality" (2012)[URL]
- Lee, C. I., "Trends in Intergenerational Income Mobility", The Review of Economics and Statistics, 91(4), pp.766~772 (2009)
- Lefgren, L., "Beyond Education and Fairness : A Labor Market Taxation Model for the Great Gatsby Curve", Economic Inquiry, 53(2), pp.962~978 (2015)
- Liu, H., "Genetic Ability and Intergenerational Earnings Mobility", Journal of Population Economics, 22(1), pp.75~95 (2009)
- Long, J., "Intergenerational Occupational Mobility in Great Britain and The United States Since 1850", American Economic Review, 103(4), pp.1109~1137 (2013)
- Matras, J., "Differential Fertility, Intergenerational Occupational Mobility, and Change in the Occupational Distribution : Some Elementary Interrelationships", Population Studies, 15(2), pp.187~197 (1961)
- Mazumder, B., "Unequal Chances: Family Background and Economic Success", pp.80~99 (2005), Princeton University Press
- Mazumder, B., "Inequality in Skills and the Great Gatsby Curve", Chicago Fed Letter, (330), pp.1~4 (2015)
- Mazumder, B., "Inequality: Causes and Consequences", pp.83~129 (2016), Emerald Group Publishing
- Meschi, E., "Expansion of Schooling and Educational Inequality in Europe : The Educational Kuznets Curve Revisited", Oxford Economic Papers, 66(3), pp.660~680 (2013)
- "Fair Progress: Economic Mobility across Generations around the World" (2018)[URL]
- Neidhöfer, G., "Educational Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility in Latin America : A New Database", Journal of Development Economics, 134, pp.329~349 (2018)
- Neidhöfer, G., "Intergenerational Mobility and the Rise and Fall of Inequality: Lessons from Latin America", The Journal of Economic Inequality, pp.1~22 (2019)
- Nielsen, F., "The Kuznets Curve and the Great U-turn : Income Inequality in US Counties, 1970 to 1990", American Sociological Review, 62(1), pp.12~33 (1997)
- Nybom, M., "Biases in Standard Measures of Intergenerational Income Dependence", Journal of Human Resources, 52(3), pp.800~825 (2017)
- "Remarks by the President on Economic Mobility" (2013)[URL]
- Piketty, T., "Theories of Persistent Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility", Handbooks of Income Distribution, 16(1), pp.429~476 (2000)
- Plewis, I., "Intragenerational Social Mobility and Educational Qualifications", Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 36, pp.1~11 (2014)
- Psacharopoulos, G., "Returns to Investment in Education : A Further Update", Education Economics, 12(2), pp.111~134 (2004)
- Ram, R., "Educational Expansion and Schooling Inequality : International Evidence and Some Implications", The Review of Economics and Statistics, 72(2), pp.266~274 (1990)
- Roemer, J. E., "Dynamic Equality of Opportunity", Economica, 84(334), pp.322~343 (2017)
- "Speech by president Dilma Rousseff to congress on the occasion of her inauguration – Brasilia" (2011)[URL]
- Smeeding, T., "Persistence, Privilege, and Parenting: The Comparative Study of Intergenerational Mobility" (2011), Russell Sage Foundation
- Solon, G., "Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States", The American Economic Review, 82(3), pp.393~408 (1992)
- Solon, G., "Cross-country Differences in Intergenerational Earnings Mobility", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(3), pp.59~66 (2002)
- Solon, G., "A Model of Intergenerational Mobility Variation over Time and Place", Generational Income Mobility in North America and Europe, (Chapter 2), pp.38~47 (2004)
- Tamborini, C. R., "Education and Lifetime Earnings in the United States", Demography, 52(4), pp.1383~1407 (2015)
- Thomas, V., "Measuring Education Inequality: Gini Coefficients of Education" (1999), The World Bank
- Torche, F., "Analyses of Intergenerational Mobility : An Interdisciplinary Review", The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 657(1), pp.37~62 (2015)
- Torche, F., "Intergenerational Mobility and Inequality : The Latin American Case", Annual Review of Sociology, 40, pp.619~642 (2014)
- Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Europe, "Torul, O.", Bogazici University, Department of Economics, ~, pp.Working paper No. 2017 (2017), 03
- International Standard Classification of Education, ISCED 1997, "UNESCO", UNESCO Institute for Statistics, ~ (2003)
- "Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" (2015)[URL]
- Van de Gaer, D., "Three Meanings of Intergenerational Mobility", Economica, 68(272), pp.519~538 (2001)
- World development Report 2018: Learning to Realize Education's Promise, "World Bank", The World Bank, ~ (2018)
- Young, M., "The rise of the meritocracy" (2017), Routledge
- Zimmerman, D. J., "Regression toward Mediocrity in Economic Stature", The American Economic Review, 82(3), pp.409~429 (1992)
