겸손에 관한 한국인의 상식이론: ‘겸손 편향’ 관점의 한계 및 장래연구 제언
Korean Lay Theory of Modesty: Critical Analysis of the ‘Modesty Bias’ Perspective and Suggestions for Future Research
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초록
본 연구는 기존 문화비교심리 연구에서 개념화한 ‘겸손 편향’의 관점으로는 겸손과 관련된 한국인의 심리를 충실히 이해하기 어렵다는 문제의식에서 출발하였다. 이러한 문제의식 하에 겸손을 자기-고양 편향에 대비되는 현상으로 이해하는 접근법의 한계를 조명하고, 한국인들이 경험하는 겸손의 특징을 반영한 겸손의 상식이론을 조사하여 주요 내용을 확인하였다. 그리고 이 자료를 토대로 한국인의 상식이론에 부합하는 겸손 반응과 부합하지 않는 자기-비하 반응이 유발하는 결과를 비교하였다. 연구 결과, 겸손의 정의에 관한 한국인의 상식이론은 크게 타인/관계와 관련된 인식 차원(자기표현억제, 타인존중, 자기낮춤, 예의/예절)과 겸손 행위자의 자기 내면에 관한 인식 차원(객관적 자기평가, 자기계발, 자기확신)으로 구성되어 있음을 관찰하였다(연구 1). 또한, 연구 1의 상식이론 분석을 통해 확인한 7개 겸손 정의 각각에 대해서 일반인들이 동의함을 확인하여 겸손의 상식이론에 관한 추가 증거를 수집하였다(연구 2). 그리고, 연구 1과 2를 토대로 한국인의 상식이론에 부합하는 겸손 반응은, 그렇지 않은 자기-비하 반응에 비해서, 겸손 행위자의 사회적 연결감을 높이고 이를 매개로 자존감에 긍정적 영향을 미침을 관찰하였다(연구 3). 겸손에 관한 한국인의 심리와 행동을 이해하는 데 있어서 본 연구의 함의와 장래 연구과제를 논의하였다.
Abstract
The present research offers a critical analysis of the ‘bias perspective’ on modesty in cross-cultural psychology. The authors argue that the notion of ‘modesty bias’ does not adequately capture the psychological core of the everyday experiences of modesty in the Korean cultural context. Along the lines, we surveyed the lay theory of modesty among Korean adults (N = 167) and content analyzed the responses. From this, we found two higher-order conceptual categories (other/relation focus, self-focus) that include a total of seven major components pertaining to the definition of modesty (Study 1). The other/relation-focused lay theories reflect the understanding of modesty in terms of inhibiting self-expression, respecting others, lowering oneself, and acting with propriety. The self-focused lay theories included objective self-awareness, self-cultivation, and self-certainty. In an independent sample of Korean adults (N = 500), we obtained evidence that the seven components driven from the lay theories reflect the Koreans’ understanding of modesty (Study 2). Based on our finding in Study 2 that self-deprecation, commonly featured in the previous work on East Asian modesty, does not correspond to the lay theory of modesty among Koreans, we experimentally tested the effects of a modesty behavior congruent with the lay theories (vs. a self-deprecating behavior) on social connectedness and state self-esteem. We found that, as compared to the self-deprecating behavior, the modesty behavior promoted perceptions of social connectedness and state self-esteem. We also found that the modesty behavior led to perceptions of social connectedness, which in turn led to higher levels of sate self-esteem. We discuss implications of these findings for research on modesty in social and cultural psychology.
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