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나이와 행복 간의 관계: 통제변인 투입 여부와 효과크기를 중심으로

The U-Shape of Happiness May Be Overblown: Focusing on Control Variables and Effect Size

이태현|이윤희|정세원|박선웅|윤가영|윤선|윤지연
한국사회및성격심리학회|2024.08|한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 (Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology)|제38권 제3호|pp. 215-233|DOI 10.21193/kjspp.2024.38.3.004

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행복happiness효과크기effect sizeage나이행복의 U자형 곡선통제변인U-shape of happinesscontrol variable
주제분류심리과학

초록

행복의 U자형 곡선은 대중적으로 많은 관심을 받는 소재임에도 불구하고, 연구자들 사이에서는 나이와 행복의 관계에 대해 합의가 이루어지지 않은 상태이다. 본 연구는 한국인을 대상으로 나이와 행복의 관계를 살펴보고자 하였으며, 행복의 U자형 곡선 연구에서 쟁점이 되는 통제변인 투입과 효과크기를 중심으로 이를 확인하고자 했다. 연구 1(N = 12,629)에서는 2019년의 한국노동패널조사 자료를, 연구 2(N = 10,060)에서는 2019 국민여가활동조사 자료를 사용하여 나이가 들어감에 따라 한국인들의 행복이 어떻게 변화하는지 살펴보았다. 구체적으로, 다섯 가지 사회인구학적 변인(성별, 가구소득, 교육수준, 혼인상태, 직업적 지위)을 통제한 경우와 통제하지 않은 경우의 나이-행복 관계를 비교하였으며, 해당 관계의 효과크기를 살펴보았다. 연구 결과, 연구 1과 연구 2에서 모두 통제변인을 투입하지 않은 경우 역U자형 곡선이 발견되었으나, 통제변인을 투입한 후에는 U자형 곡선이 나타났다. 또한, 통제변인 투입 여부와 상관없이 나이와 행복 간 곡선적 관계의 효과크기는 매우 작았다. 본 연구는 대표성 있는 표본을 바탕으로 한국인들의 행복 궤적을 밝혔다는 의의가 있다.

Abstract

Despite the notion of the U-shape of happiness being frequently dealt with in the media, there is a lack of consensus among researchers on the relationship between age and happiness. In this paper we examined whether age and happiness have a U-shaped relationship among South Koreans, shedding light on the two main issues discussed in a recent line of study: control variables and effect size. Using data from the 2019 Korean Labor & Income Panel Study in Study 1 (N = 12,629) and the 2019 National Leisure Activities Survey in Study 2 (N = 10,060), we compared the age-happiness relationship with and without controlling for five sociodemographic variables (gender, household income, education, marital status, and occupational status), also examining the effect size of such relationship. We found in both Study 1 and 2 an inverted U-shape without controlling for variables, whereas a U-shape appeared when adding control variables. The analyses also demonstrate that regardless of control variables, the effect size of the happiness curve is trivial. The current contribution, using two representative data, enhances our understanding of the happiness patterns of Koreans.

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