본문 바로가기
KERD
논문

집단 간 갈등상황에서 외집단의 공감 메시지가 대상의 분노 및 집단 간 회피의도에 미치는 영향

The role of ingroup/outgroup membership of the empathizer in intergroup empathy: Emotional and behavioral consequences on the part of the target

최훈석|정진오
한국사회및성격심리학회|2022.08|한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 (Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology)|제36권 제3호|pp. 187-207|DOI 10.21193/kjspp.2022.36.3.002

0

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

공감Empathy공감 대상공감의 역효과집단 간 관계집단 간 공감target of empathyempathy backfireintergroup relationsintergroup empathy
주제분류심리과학

초록

집단 간 갈등상황에서 외집단 구성원으로부터 공감을 받는 것은 오히려 공감 대상자의 분노 정서를 증가시킨다는 가설을 실험 연구를 통해 검증하였다. 연구 1(N = 246)은 회사에서 성별에 따른 차별을 경험한 남성 또는 여성 표적에게 여성(외집단) 또는 남성(내집단)이 대화 메시지를 전달하는 상황을 구성하여 메시지 전달자의 집단 소속(내집단/외집단)과 메시지 내용(공감표현/통제)에 따라 대상자의 분노 수준이 달리 나타나는지 분석하였다. 연구 결과 가설과 일관되게 외집단 구성원으로부터 공감을 받았을 때, 내집단 구성원으로부터 받았을 때보다, 해당 메시지 수신 후 분노 수준이 높았다. 반면에, 메시지에 공감표현이 없는 통제조건에서는 분노 수준에서 메시지 전달자의 내/외집단 소속에 따른 차이가 없었다. 연구 2(N = 158)는 외집단 공감이 대상자에게 촉발하는 분노 수준이 외집단과의 상호작용을 회피하려는 의도를 예측하는 매개가설을 검증하였다. 연구 결과 내/외집단 공감이 분노 수준을 매개로 외집단 회피의도를 예측하는 조절된 매개효과가 확인되었다. 집단 간 갈등 및 집단 간 공감과 관련된 본 연구의 시사점 및 장래연구 방향을 논의하였다.

Abstract

The current research examined the effects of the empathizer’s group membership on the emotional experience and intergroup behavior intention on the part of the empathized in an intergroup conflict situation. We manipulated ingroup versus outgroup empathy using a scenario in which a female(male) target person is being empathized by an ingroup(female/male) versus outgroup member(male/female) after experiencing gender discrimination at work. We also included a control condition in which either an ingroup or an outgroup member delivered a message that did not include empathetic contents. Drawing on previous research that suggests negative consequences of outgroup empathy, we hypothesized that, as compared to ingroup empathy, outgroup empathy would lead to a higher level of anger. In a study that employed a total of 246 Korean male and female college students, we found that empathy by an outgroup member evoked a higher degree of anger than did empathy by an ingroup member. By contrast, the empathizer’s group membership did not have a significant effect in the control condition. We replicated these findings in Study 2 that involved a total of 158 Korean male and female workers in business organizations. Further, we found, as expected, that the relationship between the empathizer’s group membership and the target’s intergroup behavior intention was mediated by felt anger after empathy. Implications of the findings in research on intergroup conflict and empathy along with directions for future research are discussed.

참고문헌 (71)

  1. (2020), 고용노동부[URL]
  2. 김금미, "차별지각과 성별사회정체성이 여성의 남녀동등추구에 미치는 효과", 한국심리학회지:여성, 7(2), pp.2~15 (2002), 한국여성심리학회
  3. 박소영, "한국적 정서표현의 특징에 관한 탐색적 연구", 한국심리학회지:일반, 38(1), pp.25~52 (2019), 한국심리학회[DOI]
  4. 박인조, "한국어 감정단어의 목록과 정서 차원 탐색", 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격, 19(1), pp.109~129 (2005), 한국사회및성격심리학회
  5. 박찬, "관계 친밀도에 따른 기대-일치 공감과 기대-불일치 공감의 효과", 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격, 27(2), pp.85~105 (2013), 한국사회및성격심리학회[DOI]
  6. 이준웅, "정서 단어 분류를 통한 정서의 구성 차원 및 위계적 범주에 관한 연구", 한국언론학보, 52(1), pp.85~116 (2008), 한국언론학회
  7. 한규석, "마음의 연구와 심리학: 마음의 문화심리적 분석에 바탕한 심리의 작용 틀", 한국심리학회지:일반, 27(2), pp.281~307 (2008), 한국심리학회
  8. 한덕웅, "한국어 정서 용어들의 적절성과 경험 빈도", 한국심리학회지 : 일반, 19(2), pp.63~99 (2000)
  9. Bar-Tal, D., "Sociopsychological foundations of intractable conflicts", American Behavioral Scientist, 50, pp.1430~1453 (2007)[DOI]
  10. Bar-Tal, D., "Intractable conflicts : Sociopsychological foun-dations and dynamics" (2013), Cambridge University Press
  11. Bartoszek, G., "Toward an implicit measure of emotions : Ratings of abstract images reveal distinct emotional states", Cognition and Emotion, 31, pp.1377~1391 (2017)[DOI]
  12. Batson, C. D., "Why act for the public good?", Four answers. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, pp.603~610 (1994)[DOI]
  13. Batson, C. D., "Using empathy to improve intergroup attitudes and relations", Social Issues and Policy Review, 3, pp.141~177 (2009)[DOI]
  14. Batson, C. D., "Empathy, attitudes, and action : Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group motivate one to help the group?", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, pp.1656~1666 (2002)[DOI]
  15. Batson, C. D., "The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior", pp.259~281 (2015), Oxford University Press
  16. Batson, C. D., "Empathy and attitudes : Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group?", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, pp.105~118 (1997)[DOI]
  17. Bernhardt, B. C., "The neural basis of empathy", Annual Review of Neuroscience, 35, pp.1~23 (2012)[DOI]
  18. Cikara, M., "Us and them : Intergroup failures of empathy", Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, pp.149~153 (2011)[DOI]
  19. Clore, G. L., "Emotional role playing, attitude change, and attraction toward a disabled person", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23, pp.105~111 (1972)[DOI]
  20. Davis, M. H., "Measuring individual differences in empathy : Evidence for a multidimensional approach", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, pp.113~126 (1983)[DOI]
  21. Davis, M. H., "Empathy : A social psychological approach" (1994), Westview Press
  22. Dovidio, J. F., "Prosocial motives, emotions, and behavior: The better angels of our nature", pp.393~408 (2010), American Psychological Association
  23. Ellemers, N., "Handbook of theories of social psychology (Vol. 2)", pp.379~398 (2012), Sage Publications Ltd
  24. Ferris, D. L., "An approach–avoidance framework of workplace aggression", Academy of Management Journal, 59, pp.1777~1800 (2016)[DOI]
  25. Finlay, K. A., "Improving intergroup relations : The effects of empathy on racial attitudes 1", Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, pp.1720~1737 (2000)[DOI]
  26. Gaertner, S. L., "Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model" (2000), Psychology Press
  27. Galinsky, A. D., "The effects of perspective-taking on prejudice : The moderating role of self-evaluation", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, pp.594~604 (2004)[DOI]
  28. Galinsky, A. D., "Perspective-taking : decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, pp.708~724 (2000)[DOI]
  29. Goldstein, N. J., "Perceived perspective taking : When others walk in our shoes", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106, pp.941~960 (2014)[DOI]
  30. Håkansson, J., "Empathy as an interpersonal phenomenon", Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20, pp.267~284 (2003)[DOI]
  31. Hall, J. A., "Empathy present and future", The Journal of Social Psychology, 159, pp.225~243 (2019)[DOI]
  32. Halperin, E., "Intergroup anger in intractable conflict : Long-term sentiments predict anger responses during the Gaza war", Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14, pp.477~488 (2011)[DOI]
  33. Hayes, A. F., "Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach" (2017), Guilford publications
  34. Hayward, L. E., "Toward a comprehensive understanding of intergroup contact : Descriptions and mediators of positive and negative contact among majority and minority groups", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43, pp.347~364 (2017)[DOI]
  35. Hodges, S. D., "Giving birth to empathy : The effects of similar experience on empathic accuracy, empathic concern, and perceived empathy", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, pp.398~409 (2010)[DOI]
  36. Iyer, A., "Emotion in inter-group relations", European Review of Social Psychology, 19, pp.86~125 (2008)[DOI]
  37. Kauff, M., "(Bad) feelings about meeting them? Episodic and chronic intergroup emotions associated with positive and negative intergroup contact as predictors of intergroup behavior", Frontiers in Psychology, 8, pp.1449~ (2017)[DOI]
  38. Keltner, D., "The compassionate instinct: The science of human goodness" (2010), W. W. Norton & Company
  39. Klimecki, O. M., "The role of empathy and compassion in conflict resolution", Emotion Review, 11, pp.310~325 (2019)[DOI]
  40. Klimecki, O. M., "Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions", Scientific Reports, 6, pp.1~5 (2016)[DOI]
  41. Krieglmeyer, R., "How attribution influences aggression : Answers to an old question by using an implicit measure of anger", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, pp.379~385 (2009)[DOI]
  42. Mackie, D. M., "Intergroup emotions : Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, pp.602~616 (2000)
  43. Mackie, D. M., "APA handbook of personality and social psychology (Vol. 2)", pp.263~293 (2015), American Psychological Association
  44. Mallett, R. K., "Seeing through their eyes : When majority group members take collective action on behalf of an outgroup", Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 11, pp.451~470 (2008)[DOI]
  45. Markus, H. R., "Culture and the self : Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation", Psychological Review, 98, pp.224~253 (1991)[DOI]
  46. Mashuri, A., "The effect of out-group status and perspectivetaking on empathy and out-group helping", International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, 2, pp.3~14 (2013)[DOI]
  47. Mead, G. H., "Mind, self, and society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist" (1934), University of Chicago Press
  48. Meier, B. P., "A comparison of human aggression committed by groups and individuals : An interindividual-intergroup discontinuity", Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, pp.551~559 (2004)[DOI]
  49. Meleady, R., "When contact goes wrong : Negative intergroup contact promotes generalized outgroup avoidance", Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 22, pp.688~707 (2019)
  50. Millar, F. E., "Explorations in interpersonal communication" (1976), Sage
  51. Paivio, S. C., "Empathy and emotion regulation : Reprocessing memories of childhood abuse", Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57, pp.213~226 (2001)[DOI]
  52. Paulhus, D. L., "Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes", pp.17~59 (1991), Academic Press
  53. Pliskin, R., "Are leftists more emotion-driven than rightists? The interactive influence of ideology and emotions on support for policies", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40, pp.1681~1697 (2014)[DOI]
  54. Preston, S. D., "The many faces of empathy : Parsing empathic phenomena through a proximate, dynamic-systems view of representing the other in the self", Emotion Review, 4, pp.24~33 (2012)[DOI]
  55. Rifkin, J., "The empathic civilization: The race to global consciousness in a world in crisis", pp.2009, Tarcher
  56. Robinson, M. D., "Belief and feeling : Evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report", Psychological Bulletin, 128, pp.934~960 (2002)[DOI]
  57. Sabbagh, M. A., "The development of executive functioning and theory of mind : A comparison of Chinese and US preschoolers", Psychological Science, 17, pp.74~81 (2006)[DOI]
  58. Saleem, M., "Reliance on direct and mediated contact and public policies supporting outgroup harm", Journal of Communication, 66, pp.604~624 (2016)[DOI]
  59. Schimmack, U., "Affect measurement in experience sampling research", Journal of Happiness Studies, 4, pp.79~106 (2003)
  60. Smith, E. R., "Affect, cognition and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception", pp.297~315 (1993), Academic Press
  61. Smith, E. R., "Dynamics of group-based emotions : Insights from intergroup emotions theory", Emotion Review, 7, pp.349~354 (2015)[DOI]
  62. Tajfel, H., "The social psychology of intergroup relations", pp.1979, Brooks
  63. Tam, T., "The impact of intergroup emotions on forgiveness in Northern Ireland", Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10, pp.119~136 (2007)[DOI]
  64. Trope, Y., "Construal-level theory of psychological distance", Psychological Review, 117, pp.440~463 (2010)
  65. Turner, J. C., "Rediscovering the social group : A self-categorization theory" (1987), Blackwell
  66. Turner, J. C., "Handbook of theories of social psychology", pp.399~417 (2012), Sage Publications Ltd
  67. Van Maanen, J., "Research in organizational behaviour (Vol. 11)", pp.43~103 (1989), JAI
  68. Vorauer, J. D., "What really helps? Divergent implications of talking to someone with an empathic mindset versus similar experience for shame and self‐evaluation in the wake of an embarrassing event", British Journal of Social Psychology, 59, pp.773~789 (2020)[DOI]
  69. Wilder, D. A., "Reduction of intergroup discrimination through individuation of the out-group", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, pp.1361~1374 (1978)[DOI]
  70. Wilder, D., "Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes", pp.153~172 (2008), Blackwell
  71. Zelenski, J. M., "The distribution of basic emotions in everyday life : A state and trait perspective from experience sampling data", Journal of Research in Personality, 34, pp.178~197 (2000)[DOI]

관련 논문AI추천

관점취하기 초점이 외집단에 대한 동맹행동 의도에 미치는 영향: 인지-초점과 정서-초점의 비교도은별, 최훈석한국사회및성격심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격2022 · 제36권 제2호남북한 관계에서 외집단 공감에 대한 공동내집단정체성과 조망수용 초점의 상호작용효과이하연, 최훈석한국사회및성격심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격2025 · 제39권 제1호집단 내 공감 구조의 효과이하연, 최훈석한국사회및성격심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격2014 · 제28권 제3호차별경험이 내외집단과 그 성원에 대한평가에 미치는 영향김범준한국사회및성격심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격2006 · 제20권 제4호집단범주화, 개인 및 집단의 수행수준이 외집단 구성원 선택에 미치는 효과장보현, 장은영, 한덕웅한국여성심리학회 · 한국심리학회지:여성2007 · 제12권 제4호내집단 동일시와 피해 외집단에 대한 배상 의도의 관계: 내집단 사과 후 도덕 신용과 책임 지각의 매개효과김유진, 최훈석한국사회및성격심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격2025 · 제39권 제3호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (2건)

자기애적 성격 특성과 외도 의도: 관계 내 파워의 양면성한정윤, 허태균, 김세헌pp. 165-185유치인 자살위험성평가 개발 연구서종한, 김성혜, 이주현, 박준희, 이상경pp. 209-232
원문 보기