Comparative Analysis on the Factors of Migration to North Korea among Koreans in Japan and China
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When the Korean Peninsula was under Japanese colonial rule, many Koreans migrated to Japan and China. They experienced liberation outside the Korean Peninsula and en-tered North Korea after the country was divided. The purpose of this study is to analyze the migration factors of Koreans in Japan and China. For this purpose, in-depth inter-views and literature analysis were employed. Using the push and pull theory, the ana-lyzed factors were classified into political, economic, and social factors. Their migra-tion was accomplished by a combination of the push factors from Japan and China, and the pull factors from North Korea. First, the North Korean authorities’ efforts to resolve the labor shortage served as a political pull factor. The push factors were the Japanese government's intention to repatriate Koreans and the friendly relationship between North Korea and China. On the other hand, the relative poverty of Koreans in Japan, and the economic hardship of Koreans in China constituted the economic push factors. For Koreans in China, North Korea’s rapid economic growth was a pull factor, whereas, for Koreans in Japan, North Korea’s economic propaganda was a pull factor. The two groups showed similarities in the social factors. Experiencing mistreatment as a minor-ity acted as a push factor, and the image of the 'homeland' shown by the North Korean authorities acted as a pull factor. In addition, their personal problems acted as the push factors as the migrating was perceived as an opportunity to solve or escape the problems.
Abstract
When the Korean Peninsula was under Japanese colonial rule, many Koreans migrated to Japan and China. They experienced liberation outside the Korean Peninsula and en-tered North Korea after the country was divided. The purpose of this study is to analyze the migration factors of Koreans in Japan and China. For this purpose, in-depth inter-views and literature analysis were employed. Using the push and pull theory, the ana-lyzed factors were classified into political, economic, and social factors. Their migra-tion was accomplished by a combination of the push factors from Japan and China, and the pull factors from North Korea. First, the North Korean authorities’ efforts to resolve the labor shortage served as a political pull factor. The push factors were the Japanese government's intention to repatriate Koreans and the friendly relationship between North Korea and China. On the other hand, the relative poverty of Koreans in Japan, and the economic hardship of Koreans in China constituted the economic push factors. For Koreans in China, North Korea’s rapid economic growth was a pull factor, whereas, for Koreans in Japan, North Korea’s economic propaganda was a pull factor. The two groups showed similarities in the social factors. Experiencing mistreatment as a minor-ity acted as a push factor, and the image of the 'homeland' shown by the North Korean authorities acted as a pull factor. In addition, their personal problems acted as the push factors as the migrating was perceived as an opportunity to solve or escape the problems.
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