The Economic Effects of Immigration
3
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Two contrasting arguments exist regarding the relationship between immigration and its economic effects. One argues that immigration has a positive benefit to national economy by promoting population growth, averting population aging, and filling undesirable jobs, while others argue that immigration has a negative effect by displacing native workers and increasing burdens on welfare system in a host country. While the existing studies utilized cross-sectional analysis of multiple countries or time-series analysis within in a country, in this article, we have tested the competing hypothesis by utilizing a pooled data set from OECD’s immigration data. We have found that immigration has positive impact on national economy measured by per capita GDP. And this result may be attributed to several factors. Immigrant workers may fill industry gaps and lower production cost by providing cheap labor. Immigrants may serve as a flexible labor reserve and partially compensate for the low geographical or functional mobility of the native born population. Also, the analysis indicates that socio-political conditions have played important roles in promoting the national economy. More favorable socio-political conditions to immigrants have led to positive effects on the national economy. The implication is that immigrants that are quickly able to assimilate and integrate are more likely to become contributors and less likely to be a burden to government resources and the economy.
Abstract
Two contrasting arguments exist regarding the relationship between immigration and its economic effects. One argues that immigration has a positive benefit to national economy by promoting population growth, averting population aging, and filling undesirable jobs, while others argue that immigration has a negative effect by displacing native workers and increasing burdens on welfare system in a host country. While the existing studies utilized cross-sectional analysis of multiple countries or time-series analysis within in a country, in this article, we have tested the competing hypothesis by utilizing a pooled data set from OECD’s immigration data. We have found that immigration has positive impact on national economy measured by per capita GDP. And this result may be attributed to several factors. Immigrant workers may fill industry gaps and lower production cost by providing cheap labor. Immigrants may serve as a flexible labor reserve and partially compensate for the low geographical or functional mobility of the native born population. Also, the analysis indicates that socio-political conditions have played important roles in promoting the national economy. More favorable socio-political conditions to immigrants have led to positive effects on the national economy. The implication is that immigrants that are quickly able to assimilate and integrate are more likely to become contributors and less likely to be a burden to government resources and the economy.
참고문헌 (74)
- Ablett, J, "Generational Accounting around the World", pp.141~160 (1999), Chicago University Press
- Akbari, A. K., "The benefits of immigrants to Canada: Evidence on tax and public services", Canadian Public Policy, 1989, pp.154, 424~435
- Altonji, J. G., "Immigration. Trade and the Labor Market. National Bureau of Economic Research" (1991), National Bureau of Economic Research. Chicago University Press
- Arpaia, A, "Government expenditure and economic growth in the EU: Long-run tendencies and short-term adjustment", Economic Papers, 300 (2008), European Commission
- Barro, R. J., "Sources of economic growth", Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, pp.1~46 (1994)
- Barro, R. J., "Economic growth in a cross section of countries", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1062, pp.407~444 (1991)
- Determinants of economic growth: A cross-country empirical study, "Barro, R. J.", National Bureau of Economic Research, ~, pp.NBER Working Paper 5698 (1996)
- Barro, R. J., "Determinants of Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Study" (1997), MIT Press
- Blau, F. D., "The use of transfer payments by immigrants", International Labour Relations Review, 37, pp.222~239 (1984)
- Bloom, D. E., "Population Matters: Demographic Change. Economic Growth. and Poverty in the Developing World", pp.165~197 (2001), Oxford University Press
- Bloom, D. E., "From demographic lift to economic lift off: The Case of Egypt", Applied Population and Policy, 1, pp.15~24 (2003)
- Bloom, D. E., "Emerging Asia: Changes and Challenges", pp.141~197 (1997), Asian Development Bank
- Bloom, D. E, "Demographic transitions and economic miracles in emerging Asia", World Bank Economic Review, 123, pp.419~455 (1998)
- Bloom, D. E, "Population dynamics and economic growth in Asia", Population and Development Review, 26, pp.257~290 (2000)
- Borjas, G., "The substitutability of black. hispanic and white labor", Economic Inquiry, 21, pp.93~106 (1983)
- Borjas, G., "The sensitivity of Labor demand functions to the choice of the dependent variable", Review of Economics and Statistics, 68, pp.56~66 (1986)
- Borjas, G, "The economics of immigration", Journal of Economic Literature, 324, pp.1667~1717 (1994)
- Borjas, G, "The Handbook of Labour Economics 3A", pp.69~133 (1999), North Holland
- Borjas, G., "The labor demand curve is downward sloping: Reexamining the impact of immigration on the labor market", Harvard University, ~ (2002)
- Borjas, G. J, "The economics of immigration", Journal of Economic Literature, 324, pp.324~ (1994)
- Borjas, G. J., "The labor demand curve is downward sloping: Reexamining the impact of immigration on the labor market", The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1184, pp.1335~1374 (2003)
- Searching for the Effect of Immigration on the Labor Market, "Borjas, G", ~, pp.NBER Working Paper Series no. 5454 (1996)
- Butcher, K. & Card, D, "Immigration and Wages: Evidence from the 1980's", AEA Papers and Proceedings, pp.812~ (1991)
- The Effects on the Low-Skilled Labor Market, "Camarota, S.", Center for Immigration Studies, ~, pp.Center Paper 12 (1998)
- Carrington, W, "The Impact of 1970s Repatriates from Africa on the Portuguese Labour Market", Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 49(2) (1996)
- Cass, D., "Optimum growth in an aggregative model of capital accumulation", Review of Economic Studies, 32, pp.233~240 (1965)
- Give me your tired. your poor. so I can Prosper: Immigration in Search Equilibrium, "Chassamboulli, A", University of Cyprus Department of Economics, ~, pp.University of Cyprus Working Papers in Economics 12-2010 (2010)
- Trends in Immigration and Economic Consequences, "Coppel, J", OECD Publishing, ~, pp.OECD Economics Department Working Papers. No. 284 (2001)
- Openness. productivity and growth: what do we really know?, "Edwards, S.", National Bureau of Economic Research, ~, pp.Working Paper 5978 (1997)
- Espenshade, T. J., "Immigration and public opinion", Paper prepared for the Conference on Immigration and the Socio-Cultural Remaking of the North American Space (1997), Harvard University
- Espenshade, T. J, "Contemporary American attitudes toward U.S. Immigration", International Migration Review, 302, pp.535~570 (1996)
- Does immigration boost per capita income?, "Felbermayr, G. J.", Department of Economics, ~, pp.Working Paper 08-23 (2008)
- Feld, S., "Active population growth and immigration hypotheses in western Europe", European Journal of Population, 161, pp.3~40 (2000)
- Friedberg, R, "Immigration and the receiving economy", Paper prepared for the SSRC conference "Becoming American, 1995, 18~21
- Friedberg, R, "The impact of immigrants on host country wages. employment and growth", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 92, pp.23~44 (1995)
- Gang, I., "Labor Market Effects of Immigration in the United States and Europe", Journal of Population Economics, 7, pp.7~ (1994)
- Immigration and the Real Wage Time Series Evidence from the United States, "Geary, P", Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1820~1977, pp.Discussion Paper 71 (1985)
- The migrant population in the UK: Fiscal effects, "Gott, C", Home Office Research. Development and Statistics, ~, pp.Occasional Paper 77 (2002)
- Grossman, J. B., "The substituability of natives and migrants in production", Review of Economics and Statistics, 64, pp.596~603 (1982)
- The relationship between economic growth and the speed of liberalization during transition, "Heybey, B.", 121~137, pp.Policy Reform. 3 (1999)
- Hunt, J, "The Impact of the 1962 Repatriates From Algeria on the French Labor market", Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 453, pp.453~ (1992)
- The impact of trade liberalization on manufacturing sector performance in developing countries: A survey of literature, "Jayanthakumaran, K.", University of Wollongong. Department of Economy, ~ (2002)
- Jensen, L., "The New Immigration: Implications for Poverty and Public Assistance Utilization" (1989), Greenwood Press
- Population and income change: Recent evidence, "Kelley, A. C.", The World Bank, ~, pp.World Bank Discussion Papers 249 (1994)
- Kelley, A. C, "Economic Consequences of Population Change in the Third World", Journal of Economic Literature, 264, pp.1685~1728 (1988)
- Kelley, A. C., "Population Matters: Demographic Change. Economic Growth. and Poverty in the Developing World", pp.67~105 (2001), Oxford University Press
- Kelly, A. C., "Evolution of recent economic-demographic modeling: A synthesis", Journal of Population Economics, 18, pp.275~300 (2005)
- 김호범, "일본의 인구학적 요인과 경제성장간의 관계에 대한 분석", 국제지역연구, 12(2), pp.125~145 (2008), 국제지역학회
- Koopmans, T. C, "The Econometric Approach to Development Planning" (1965), North Holland
- Effects of Immigration on Labour Markets and Government Budgets: An Overview, "Leibfritz, W.", ~, pp.CESIFO Working Paper 874 (2003)
- Levine, R., "A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions", American Economic Review, 824, pp.942~963 (1992)
- Malthus, T. R., "An Essay on the Principle of Population"
- Marr, W., "The Link Between Immigration and Unemployment in Canada", Journal of Policy Modeling, 161, pp.161~ (1994)
- Matsuyama., "Agricultural productivity. comparative advantage and economic growth", Journal of Economic Theory, 58, pp.317~334 (1992)
- Muller, T., "The Fourth Wave: California Newest Immigrants" (1985), Urban Institute Press
- Nair, M., "The effect of trade openness on manufacturing industry in Malaysia: Strategies to enhance its competitiveness", International Journal of Management, 234, pp.878~943 (2006)
- The causes and effects of international migrations: Evidence from OECD Countries 1980-2005, "Ottaviano, G. I.", National Bureau of Economic Research, ~, pp.NBER Working Papers 14833 (2009)
- Ottaviano, G. I., "Rethinking the effects of immigration on wages", Journal of the European Economic Association (2011)
- Immigration. offshoring and American Jobs, "Ottaviano, G. I.", National Bureau of Economic Research, ~, pp.Working Paper 16439 (2010)
- Radelet, S, "The determinants and prospects of economic growth in Asia", International Economic Journal, 153, pp.1~29 (2001)
- Ramsey, F, "A mathematical theory of saving", Economic Journal, 38, pp.543~559 (1928)
- Interactions between international migration and the welfare state, "Razin,. A", ~, pp.CESifo Working Paper Series 337 (2000)
- Simon, J., "Immigrants. taxes and welfare in the United States", Population and Development Review, 10, pp.55~69 (1984)
- Sinn, H.-W., "Immigration and EU Eastern Enlargement", CESifo Forum (2001)
- Solow, R. M., "A contribution to the theory of economic growth", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 701, pp.65~94 (1956)
- Education and Economic Growth, "Stevens, P.", National Institute of Economic and Social Research, ~ (2003)
- Storesletten, K., "Sustaining fiscal policy through immigration", Journal of Political Economy, 1082, pp.300~323 (2000)
- Swan, T. W., "Economic growth and capital accumulation", Economic Record, 32, pp.334~361 (1956)
- Tanzi, V., "Public Spending in the 20th Century: A Global Perspective" (2000), Cambridge University Press
- Ulrich, R, "Immigration as an economic asset" (1994), Trentham Books
- Withers, G., "Immigration and Unemployment", The Economic Record, 61, pp.61~ (1985)
- "UN"[URL]
- "World Bank"[URL]