중세 비잔티움 귀족 집단의 쇄신과 변천(7세기-12세기)
The Renewal and Evolution of Byzantine Aristocracy in the 7th and 12th centuries
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This article’s aim is to illustrate the nature of Byzantine Aristocracy by analysing the renewal and evolution process of Byzantine elite families during the period of 7th and 12th centuries. Our first point is that an aristocracy defined by function, attached to the sovereign and recruited from a wide background, predominated in the Proto-byzantine period. But the crisis of the seventh century sees the disappearance of the established elites. It can not be sure there was a total rupture between families established in the time of Herakleios and the new aristocracy which can be said to take shape under the Isaurians dynasty, because we can already trace the posterity of some of the generals in the emperor Constantin V’s entourage. The second point is that this aristocracy, which becomes stronger during the following centuries. coinciding with the upturn in the Empire’s destinies, has nothing “feudal” about it, because the imperial authorities always controled it until the eleventh century and they forbade its members any real autonomy in the provinces where they resided, even when entrusting them with authority over the provinces in question. Again from the second half of the eleventh century, the aristocracy closes its ranks progressively in favour of the emperor’relatives. The third point is that the aristocracy possessed, already in the ninth century, a great many of the features that would mark it down to the end of the Empire. The imperial family is distinguished by grants of the highest titles and the most important responsibilities, except during the reign of Basil II, and perhaps during the personal rule of Constantine VII. This elite within the aristocracy consolidated its internal links by intermarriage. It is true that from the reigns of the Doukai onwards, this aspect gradually increases to reach in due course the oligarchy of the Komnenoi, but without complete innovation.
Abstract
This article’s aim is to illustrate the nature of Byzantine Aristocracy by analysing the renewal and evolution process of Byzantine elite families during the period of 7th and 12th centuries. Our first point is that an aristocracy defined by function, attached to the sovereign and recruited from a wide background, predominated in the Proto-byzantine period. But the crisis of the seventh century sees the disappearance of the established elites. It can not be sure there was a total rupture between families established in the time of Herakleios and the new aristocracy which can be said to take shape under the Isaurians dynasty, because we can already trace the posterity of some of the generals in the emperor Constantin V’s entourage. The second point is that this aristocracy, which becomes stronger during the following centuries. coinciding with the upturn in the Empire’s destinies, has nothing “feudal” about it, because the imperial authorities always controled it until the eleventh century and they forbade its members any real autonomy in the provinces where they resided, even when entrusting them with authority over the provinces in question. Again from the second half of the eleventh century, the aristocracy closes its ranks progressively in favour of the emperor’relatives. The third point is that the aristocracy possessed, already in the ninth century, a great many of the features that would mark it down to the end of the Empire. The imperial family is distinguished by grants of the highest titles and the most important responsibilities, except during the reign of Basil II, and perhaps during the personal rule of Constantine VII. This elite within the aristocracy consolidated its internal links by intermarriage. It is true that from the reigns of the Doukai onwards, this aspect gradually increases to reach in due course the oligarchy of the Komnenoi, but without complete innovation.
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