바로크 오토마타, 기계, 그리고 역사: <기계 투르크인>과 발터 벤야민의 역사 이해를 중심으로
Baroque Automata, Machine, and History: focusing on <Mechanical Turk> and Walter Benjamin’s Understanding of History
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볼프강 폰 켐펠렌의 오토마톤 <기계 투르크인>(1769)은 바로크 시대의 문화적 기술이었다. 그것은 자본의 축적을 위한 과학기술적 대상이었을 뿐만 아니라바로크 군주의 정치권력을 실현하는 장치였다는 점에서 경제 기계이자 정치 기계였다. 발터 벤야민은 그 정치경제 기계를 자신의 역사철학으로 가져와 기술미학으로 확장했다. 그는 역사 개념에 대한 사유 속에서 근대성의 진보 이념을 비판하고 맑시즘과 메시아주의를 통합함으로써 역사적 유물론을 갱신하려 했다. <기계 투르크인>은 ‘역사의 기계’로서 벤야민의 독특한 역사 개념을 정당화하는 개념적 장치로 기능했다. 그것은 18세기에 소멸한 ‘역사의 잔해’였으며 역사의 별자리에서 하나의 별로서 알레고리의 기능을 수행했다. 나아가 언어와 이미지에 묶여있던 알레고리는 미디어 기계의 경우에서처럼 오토마타라는 기계장치로 확장된다. 벤야민의 기술 미학은 과학기술과 문화의 접속을 보여준다.
Abstract
Wolfgang von Kempelen's Automaton <Mechanical Turk> (1769) was Baroque's cultural techniques. It was not only technoscientific objects for the accumulation of commercial capital, like the Baroque Automata, but also anticipated giant machines of the Industrial Revolution. More over it served as devices for realizing the political power of the Baroque monarchy. In other words, <Mechanical Turk> was an economic machine and a political machine. Walter Benjamin brought the political and economic machine <Mechanical Turk> into his philosophy of history and expanded the political-historic thaught into his aesthetics of technology. Benjamin criticized the modern ideology of the unlimited progress and tried to renew historical materialism by integrating between Marxism and Messiahism in his argumentations for the concept of history. In addition to Angelus Nobus, the 'machine of history', <Mechical Turk> functions a conceptual device to justify Benjamin's unique historical concept. It acted as the allegory in the 'debris of history' vanished in the 18th century, like a star in the constellation of history. The past of the automaton returns to 'now time(Jetztzeit)' and realizes the historical materialism in the Messianic time. Furthermore, the function of allegory, which is tied to language and image, extends to the mechanism of automata, as in the case of media machines. Benjamin's aesthetics of technology show the coupling between technoscience and culture.
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